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El genoma de Phaeodactylum revela la historia evolutiva de los genomas de las diatomeas
Chris Bowler1, Andrew E Allen, Jonathan H Badger
1CNRS UMR8186, Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. cbowler@biologie.ens.fr
Nature
|October 17, 2008
Resumen
Los genomas diatómicos revelan diferencias significativas entre los linajes pennate y centric, con una rápida evolución genética impulsada por cambios en las familias de genes y la transferencia horizontal de genes de las bacterias. Estos conocimientos genómicos explican la diversidad de las diatomeas y el éxito ecológico.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología marina Biología marina.
- La genómica es la genómica.
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las diatomeas son organismos fotosintéticos cruciales que contribuyen significativamente a la productividad primaria global.
- El genoma de Thalassiosira pseudonana (diátoma céntrico) proporcionó una visión inicial de la biología de las diatomeas.
- Comprender la diversidad genómica de las diatomeas es esencial para comprender sus roles ecológicos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para secuenciar y analizar el genoma de la diatomea Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
- Para comparar el genoma de P. tricornutum con el de T. pseudonana para identificar características comunes y únicas.
- Para aclarar los orígenes evolutivos y el significado funcional de las características genómicas en las diatomeas.
Principales métodos:
- Secuenciación de todo el genoma de Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
- Análisis genómico comparativo entre P. tricornutum y Thalassiosira pseudonana.
- Análisis de las expansiones de la familia de genes, pérdidas, ganancias y actividad de elementos transponibles.
- Identificación y caracterización de genes transferidos horizontalmente de bacterias.
Principales resultados:
- Divergencia significativa en la estructura del genoma y el contenido de genes (aprox. 40% de genes no compartidos) entre las diatomeas pennate y centric a pesar de la divergencia reciente.
- Rápidas tasas de diversificación génica en diatomeas, evidenciadas por las comparaciones con levaduras y metazoos.
- La evidencia de cientos de transferencias de genes bacterianos antiguos (más de 300 compartidos) en ambos linajes de diatomeas, potencialmente impactando el metabolismo y la detección ambiental.
- Las expansiones selectivas de la familia de genes y la dinámica diferencial intrón/transposón contribuyen a la evolución del genoma de las diatomeas.
Conclusiones:
- La evolución del genoma diatómico se caracteriza por una rápida diversificación, diferencias estructurales entre linajes y una extensa transferencia génica horizontal.
- Las adquisiciones de genes bacterianos probablemente han proporcionado a las diatomeas nuevas capacidades metabólicas y sensoriales, lo que contribuye a su éxito ecológico.
- La genómica comparativa de diversas especies de diatomeas es clave para comprender los mecanismos evolutivos que impulsan su amplia distribución y alta productividad.
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