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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

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Hot Biological Catalysis: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry to Characterize Enzymatic Reactions
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Published on: April 4, 2014

La acción de la urea en las interacciones hidrofóbicas.

Ronen Zangi1, Ruhong Zhou, B J Berne

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 7, 2009
PubMed
Resumen

La urea (un desnaturalizante de proteínas) despliega las cadenas hidrofóbicas debilitando las interacciones, actuando como un surfactante. Este mecanismo de unión directa, impulsado por interacciones de dispersión más fuertes que el agua, explica sus capacidades de desnaturalización de proteínas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
  • Química Física es la química física.
  • Química computacional es la química computacional.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La urea se ha utilizado durante más de un siglo para desnaturalizar las proteínas.
  • El mecanismo preciso de la acción desnaturalizadora de proteínas de la urea sigue sin estar claro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para dilucidar el mecanismo molecular detrás de las propiedades de desnaturalización de proteínas de la urea.
  • Para investigar el papel de las interacciones hidrofóbicas y la unión de la urea.

Principales métodos:

  • Simulaciones de dinámica molecular de una cadena de polímeros puramente hidrofóbicos en soluciones acuosas de urea.
  • Simulaciones de placas hidrofóbicas y láminas de grafeno en soluciones de urea.
  • Análisis de las energías preferenciales de unión e interacción.

Principales resultados:

  • La urea (7 M) despliega las cadenas hidrofóbicas debilitando las interacciones hidrofóbicas.
  • La urea directamente se une preferentemente a las superficies hidrofóbicas, reduciendo la atracción.
  • La entalpía impulsa las interacciones hidrofóbicas de enlace y debilitadas, escalando con el parámetro de energía de Lennard-Jones epsilon (b).

Conclusiones:

  • La urea actúa como surfactante, uniéndose directamente a las regiones hidrofóbicas y debilitando sus interacciones.
  • Las interacciones de dispersión atractiva más fuertes entre los componentes de la urea y las proteínas que el agua explican el efecto desnaturalizante de la urea.
  • Es poco probable que el mecanismo caotrópico indirecto sea la causa principal de la desnaturalización de la urea.