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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
Noble Gases02:54

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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...

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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Published on: May 15, 2015

La forma iónica de alta presión del boro elemental es el boro.

Artem R Oganov1, Jiuhua Chen, Carlo Gatti

  • 1Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. artem.oganov@sunysb.edu

Nature
|February 3, 2009
PubMed
Resumen

Los experimentos de alta presión revelan una nueva fase de boro parcialmente iónico estable hasta 89 GPa. Esta compleja estructura de boro, quenchable a las condiciones ambientales, tiene propiedades electrónicas y ópticas únicas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química del estado sólido.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El boro exhibe un comportamiento químico complejo debido a su posición entre los metales y los aislantes.
  • Su estabilidad estructural, incluso en condiciones ambientales, sigue siendo incompletamente entendida.
  • Investigaciones anteriores identificaron numerosos polimorfos de boro, pero carecían de claridad sobre la fase estable.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la estabilidad estructural del boro bajo alta presión.
  • Explorar la existencia y propiedades de nuevas fases de boro.
  • Para caracterizar las características electrónicas y estructurales del boro de alta presión.

Principales métodos:

  • Técnicas experimentales de alta presión.
  • Algoritmos de predicción de la estructura cristalina evolutiva de Ab initio.
  • Análisis de la estructura de la banda electrónica, la absorción infrarroja y las constantes dieléctricas.

Principales resultados:

  • Descubrimiento de una fase de boro de alta presión parcialmente iónica.
  • Esta fase es estable entre 19 y 89 GPa y se puede apagar a las condiciones ambientales.
  • La nueva estructura (grupo espacial Pnnm) presenta racimos icosaédricos B(12) y pares de B(2) en un arreglo de tipo NaCl.

Conclusiones:

  • La fase de boro de alta presión identificada exhibe una ionicidad única, que afecta sus propiedades electrónicas y ópticas.
  • Esta ionicidad surge de la transferencia de carga entre los cúmulos B(12) y los pares B(2).
  • Los hallazgos contribuyen a una comprensión más profunda del complejo diagrama de fases y propiedades del boro.