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Dexmedetomidina vs midazolam para la sedación de pacientes en estado crítico: un ensayo aleatorizado
Richard R Riker1, Yahya Shehabi, Paula M Bokesch
1University of Vermont College of Medicine, USA. rikerr@mmc.org
JAMA
|February 4, 2009
Resumen
La dexmedetomidina y el midazolam mostraron una eficacia de sedación similar en pacientes de UCI. Sin embargo, la dexmedetomidina redujo el tiempo en los ventiladores y el delirio, con bradicardia como un efecto secundario clave.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Medicina de cuidados críticos Medicina de cuidados críticos.
- Farmacología Farmacología.
- Unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) sedación.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los medicamentos agonistas del receptor del ácido gamma-aminobutírico son sedantes estándar de la UCI.
- La dexmedetomidina, un agonista alfa 2 , muestra ventajas potenciales sobre los sedantes tradicionales.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la sedación prolongada con dexmedetomidina versus midazolam.
- Evaluar los resultados en pacientes de UCI con ventilación mecánica.
Principales métodos:
- Un ensayo prospectivo, doble ciego y aleatorizado que involucró a 375 pacientes de UCI en 68 centros en 5 países.
- Los pacientes recibieron dexmedetomidina o midazolam, titulados hasta la sedación ligera (RASS -2 a +1).
- Los resultados incluyeron el tiempo dentro del rango de sedación objetivo, la prevalencia de delirio, la duración de la ventilación y los eventos adversos.
Principales resultados:
- No hay diferencia significativa en el tiempo dentro del rango objetivo de RASS entre los grupos de dexmedetomidina y midazolam (77,3% frente a 75,1%).
- La dexmedetomidina redujo significativamente la prevalencia del delirio (54% frente a 76,6%) y el tiempo hasta la extubación (3,7 frente a 5,6 días).
- La bradicardia fue más común con dexmedetomidina (42,2% frente a 18,9%), mientras que la taquicardia y la hipertensión fueron menos frecuentes.
Conclusiones:
- La dexmedetomidina y el midazolam proporcionan niveles de sedación comparables en pacientes de UCI con ventilación mecánica.
- El uso de dexmedetomidina se asocia con una reducción de la duración de la ventilación mecánica y el delirio.
- La bradicardia es un efecto adverso notable de la dexmedetomidina, que requiere un monitoreo cuidadoso.
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