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Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
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All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from either solar or chemical energy. Each subsequent level obtains energy from the levels below. Detritivores can occupy any of the levels above primary producers.
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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...

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Especiación simátrica secuencial a través de niveles tróficos.

Andrew A Forbes1, Thomas H Q Powell, Lukasz L Stelinski

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. aaforbes@ucdavis.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 7, 2009
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La biodiversidad puede impulsar su propia evolución. Las nuevas especies crean nichos, desencadenando la especiación a través de los ecosistemas. Este estudio muestra cómo las avispas parásitas se diversificaron junto con sus anfitriones de moscas diversificadas, lo que demuestra la especiación en cascada.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ecología Ecología Ecología.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Especificación Investigación Investigación

Sus antecedentes:

  • La biodiversidad puede ser un impulsor de una mayor diversificación.
  • Las nuevas especies pueden crear nuevos nichos ecológicos, promoviendo una mayor especiación.
  • El complejo Rhagoletis pomonella es un sistema modelo para el estudio de la especiación simpátrica.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si la especiación puede suceder en cascada a través de niveles tróficos.
  • Examinar el papel de los cambios de planta huésped en la especiación simpátrica.
  • Para probar si las avispas parásitas se diversifican en respuesta a sus anfitriones diversificados.

Principales métodos:

  • Estudió el complejo de la mosca de la fruta Rhagoletis pomonella y su parasitoide primario, Diachasma alloeum.
  • Se analizaron datos genéticos y ecológicos para evaluar los límites de las especies y las asociaciones de huéspedes.
  • Investigó la evolución de los rasgos relacionados con el huésped tanto en moscas como en avispas.

Principales resultados:

  • Diachasma alloeum se ha diversificado en especies incipientes, especializándose en diferentes razas huéspedes de Rhagoletis pomonella.
  • Los rasgos asociados al huésped en Rhagoletis pomonella han evolucionado rápidamente, creando aislamiento reproductivo.
  • Estos rasgos evolucionados por la mosca también actúan como barreras a la reproducción para las avispas asociadas.

Conclusiones:

  • La especiación puede suceder en cascada a través de niveles tróficos, iniciada por cambios en las plantas huésped en los insectos.
  • La construcción de nichos por una especie puede impulsar la diversificación en las especies que interactúan.
  • El sistema Rhagoletis-Diachasma ejemplifica la especiación rápida y de varios niveles impulsada por la oportunidad ecológica.