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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars.
States of Matter01:20

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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
04:51

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

Pruebas de un estado supercristalino en el sólido 4He.

B Hunt1, E Pratt, V Gadagkar

  • 1Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 2, 2009
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores estudiaron la dinámica del helio-4 (4He) sólido, observando la relajación ultra lenta y sincronizada en su estado supersólido. Estas dinámicas vidriosas desafían los modelos existentes, sugiriendo una nueva forma supersólida controlada por excitaciones.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada
  • Materiales Cuánticos Los materiales cuánticos son los materiales cuánticos.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El helio-4 sólido (4He) es un candidato para un estado supersólido, exhibiendo flujo sin fricción.
  • Sin embargo, los fenómenos observados en el sólido 4He presentan complejidades más allá de la teoría estándar de supersólidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la dinámica de relajación de la frecuencia de resonancia y la disipación en el sólido 4He.
  • Caracterice la naturaleza de la observación de la evolución ultra lenta hacia el equilibrio.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó un oscilador de torsión para medir la frecuencia de resonancia f (T) y la disipación D (T) en el sólido 4He.
  • Se analizaron los tiempos de relajación y la dinámica utilizando la susceptibilidad generalizada de rotación.

Principales resultados:

  • Se observaron aumentos rápidos en los tiempos de relajación tanto para f ((T) como para D ((T) al entrar en el estado supersólido.
  • Se detectaron procesos complejos y sincronizados de relajación ultra lenta tanto en disipación como en un componente de frecuencia.
  • Se encontraron inconsistencias cuantitativas con modelos de congelación de excitación simple debido a grandes variaciones en la frecuencia.

Conclusiones:

  • La dinámica vidriosa observada en el sólido 4He es inconsistente con las transiciones de congelación simple.
  • Sólido amorfo 4He puede representar una nueva fase de supersólido.
  • Las excitaciones dinámicas dentro del sólido podrían estar controlando la rigidez de la fase superfluida.