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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that bind the substrates and convert them into products. Many enzymes also...
Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Introduction To Enzymes01:22

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that bind the substrates and convert them into products. Many enzymes also...

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Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System
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Ensamblaje de enzimas metamórficas en la diversificación de la diversificación del policetido.

Liangcai Gu1, Bo Wang, Amol Kulkarni

  • 1Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

Nature
|June 5, 2009
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las enzimas en Lyngbya majuscula desarrollaron vías paralelas para crear estructuras químicas únicas como el ciclopropano y el cloruro de vinilo. Este estudio revela cómo las modificaciones enzimáticas impulsan la diversidad de productos naturales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
  • Biosíntesis de Productos Naturales Biosíntesis de Productos Naturales
  • Enzimología Enzimología.
  • Biología Química Biología química.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La diversidad de productos naturales surge de la evolución de las vías biosintéticas en el metabolismo secundario.
  • La co-evolución de las enzimas que impulsan la diversificación metabólica sigue siendo poco comprendida a nivel bioquímico.
  • Lyngbya majuscula produce metabolitos secundarios complejos a través de complejos procesos enzimáticos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar bioquímicamente los mecanismos de la formación de ciclopropano y cloruro de vinilo en Lyngbya majuscula.
  • Comprender la co-evolución de las enzimas involucradas en la ramificación beta de la policetida y la halogenación.
  • Aclarar los eventos evolutivos paralelos que conducen a la diversidad de grupos funcionales en los metabolitos secundarios.

Principales métodos:

  • Evaluación bioquímica de las enzimas clave, incluidas las halogenasas, las deshidratasas (ECH(1) s), las descarboxilasas (ECH(2) s y los dominios de la enoil reductasa.
  • Análisis de las vías biosintéticas paralelas (vías de la curacina A y la jamaicamida) de Lyngbya majuscula.
  • Caracterización de las actividades enzimáticas en la formación de ciclopropano ramificado beta y grupos de cloruro de vinilo.

Principales resultados:

  • Una halogenasa introdujo un paso de cloración gamma en la vía de ramificación beta de la poliquetida.
  • Las actividades divergentes de las enzimas ECH(2) llevaron a la formación de alfa, beta o beta, gamma enoil tioestero.
  • Un dominio de enoil reductasa catalizó una reacción de ciclopropanación sin precedentes, formando un anillo de ciclopropano.

Conclusiones:

  • La combinación de la cloración, la ramificación beta de la policetida y la diversificación mecanicista de las enzimas genera fracciones de ciclopropano y cloruro de vinilo.
  • La evolución paralela en los sistemas multienzimales impulsa la diversidad de grupos funcionales en los productos naturales.
  • Este estudio proporciona información bioquímica sobre la coevolución de enzimas para la diversificación metabólica.