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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Oxygenic Photosynthesis01:26

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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Published on: May 27, 2018

H2O en el lugar de aterrizaje de Phoenix.

P H Smith1, L K Tamppari, R E Arvidson

  • 1Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. psmith@lpl.arizona.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 4, 2009
PubMed
Resumen

La misión Phoenix encontró hielo poco profundo y suelo alcalino en Marte. Esto sugiere que el agua estaba presente, apoyando el potencial de habitabilidad marciana pasada o presente.

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias planetarias Ciencias planetarias.
  • Astrobiología Astrobiología.
  • Marte Geología Geología de Marte.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La misión Phoenix tenía como objetivo estudiar la geología y el clima del Ártico marciano.
  • Las misiones anteriores habían insinuado la existencia de hielo de agua en Marte, pero se necesitaba una investigación subterránea directa a poca profundidad.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar el terreno y el clima en la región ártica del norte de Marte.
  • Para determinar la composición y el estado del hielo y el suelo del subsuelo poco profundo.

Principales métodos:

  • Excavación de un brazo robótico en el suelo marciano.
  • Análisis de la composición del suelo, incluyendo minerales y sales.
  • Observación de los patrones de heladas superficiales y nevadas.

Principales resultados:

  • Se descubrió una capa de hielo poco profunda a profundidades de 5-18 cm.
  • El suelo marciano era alcalino (pH 7,7) con carbonato de calcio y otros minerales.
  • Se observaron heladas de hielo de agua y nevadas que interactúan con el suelo.

Conclusiones:

  • La presencia de hielo poco profundo y suelo alcalino indica la actividad del agua en el pasado.
  • Estos hallazgos apoyan el potencial de habitabilidad en el ártico marciano.
  • La interacción del hielo de agua con el suelo es crucial para comprender los procesos ambientales marcianos.