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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

Semiconductors

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...

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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

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Published on: June 3, 2015

Un giro coherente de un solo agujero en un semiconductor.

Daniel Brunner¹, Brian D Gerardot, Paul A Dalgarno

¹School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 4, 2009

Resumen

Los investigadores lograron estados cuánticos altamente coherentes en semiconductores utilizando un solo agujero de espín. Este avance avanza la detección cuántica y el procesamiento de información cuántica con una mejor coherencia cuántica de semiconductores.

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Área de la Ciencia:

La física cuántica es la física cuántica.
Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada
Ciencia de los materiales ciencia de los materiales.

Sus antecedentes:

Los semiconductores ofrecen propiedades únicas para la electrónica y la fotónica.
Lograr estados cuánticos altamente coherentes en semiconductores es un desafío para las tecnologías cuánticas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para demostrar la captura coherente de la población en un solo agujero.
Para investigar la coherencia de un giro de agujero en un punto cuántico.

Principales métodos:

Se emplearon técnicas de interferencia cuántica óptica.
La captura de población coherente se indujo en un solo agujero dentro de un punto cuántico.

Principales resultados:

La captura coherente de la población se observó con éxito en un solo agujero.
El estudio demostró que el giro de un agujero en un punto cuántico exhibe una alta coherencia.

Conclusiones:

Los giros de agujero en los puntos cuánticos son estados cuánticos altamente coherentes.
Este hallazgo es significativo para el avance de la detección cuántica basada en semiconductores y el procesamiento de información.