Efectos estéricos y de solvación en reacciones iónicas S(N) 2
Xin Chen1, Colleen K Regan, Stephen L Craig
1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 22, 2009
Resumen
Los efectos de disolución en las reacciones S(N) 2 muestran una dependencia mínima del tamaño. El obstáculo estérico en los cloronitriles de alquilo es similar en las fases de gas y solución, lo que sugiere efectos de solvación compensados.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Química orgánica es la química orgánica.
- Química Física es la química física.
- Química computacional es la química computacional.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los efectos estéricos influyen significativamente en las tasas de reacción en la química orgánica.
- Comprender el papel de la disolución en las reacciones S(N) 2 es crucial para predecir la reactividad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la contribución de la solvación a los efectos estéricos en las reacciones S(N) 2.
- Para comparar los efectos estéricos en las fases de gas y solución utilizando cloronitriles de alquilo como un sistema modelo.
Principales métodos:
- Estudios cinéticos experimentales de las reacciones de los iones cloruro con los alquilcloronitriles.
- Investigaciones teóricas que incluyen modelos de continuos polarizables y simulaciones QM/MM.
Principales resultados:
- El aumento de la sustitución en el carbono beta redujo constantemente la reactividad, lo que indica un impedimento estérico.
- La magnitud del obstáculo estérico fue similar tanto en la fase de gas como en la de solución.
- Las energías de solvación de los estados de transición mostraron una débil dependencia del tamaño del sustituto.
Conclusiones:
- La disolución no altera significativamente el efecto estérico en estas reacciones S(N) 2.
- La débil dependencia de tamaño se atribuye a la compensación entre los efectos directos de blindaje y los efectos indirectos de solvación.
- Los hallazgos contrastan con otros sistemas iónicos donde la solvación depende fuertemente del tamaño.
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