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Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

ARN no codificantes estructurados excepcionales revelados por el análisis del metagenoma bacteriano.

Zasha Weinberg¹, Jonathan Perreault, Michelle M Meyer

¹Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA.

|December 4, 2009

Resumen

Los científicos descubrieron nuevos ARN no codificantes bacterianos (ARNnc) utilizando el ADN ambiental. Estos grandes y complejos ncRNAs revelan nuevas funciones bioquímicas y destacan una gran diversidad genética inexplorada.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Microbiología Microbiología.
Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
La bioinformática es la bioinformática.

Sus antecedentes:

Las bases de datos de secuencias de ADN bacteriano representan una pequeña fracción de la diversidad genética microbiana total.
La secuenciación de ADN ambiental con frecuencia descubre nuevas proteínas y moléculas de ARN.
El análisis bioinformático de los genomas bacterianos comúnmente identifica nuevos ARN no codificantes (ARNnc), incluidos los riboswitches.

Objetivo del estudio:

Descubrir nuevos ncRNAs con un tamaño significativo y complejidad estructural comparable a las grandes ribozimas conocidas.
Para identificar los ncRNAs abundantes dentro de los genomas bacterianos que antes eran indetectables.
Explorar el potencial para descubrir nuevas funciones bioquímicas basadas en ARN.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó una tubería computacional actualizada para el descubrimiento de ncRNA.
Analizó secuencias de ADN ambientales de muestras bacterianas.
Centrado en la identificación de ARN con secuencia extensa y conservación estructural.

Principales resultados:

Descubrieron ncRNAs previamente desconocidos que rivalizan con las grandes ribozimas en tamaño y complejidad.
Identificó algunos de los ncRNAs más abundantes en las bacterias estudiadas.
Estos hallazgos demuestran la utilidad del ADN ambiental para detectar ncRNAs raros o abundantes.

Conclusiones:

La secuenciación de ADN ambiental es crucial para descubrir nuevos ncRNA con características excepcionales.
Numerosos ncRNAs grandes, estructuralmente complejos o muy abundantes siguen sin ser descubiertos en el espacio de secuencias inexplorado.
El descubrimiento de estos ncRNAs sugiere una gama más amplia de funciones bioquímicas mediadas por el ARN.