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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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MONOPTEROS controla la iniciación de la raíz embrionaria mediante la regulación de un factor de transcripción móvil.

Alexandra Schlereth1, Barbara Möller, Weilin Liu

  • 1Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

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Resumen

El desarrollo de las raíces de las plantas depende de las señales posicionales. Los investigadores identificaron TARGET OF MP (TMO) 5 y TMO7 como nuevas señales intercelulares cruciales para especificar la célula fundadora raíz embrionaria en Arabidopsis.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo vegetal Biología del desarrollo vegetal
  • Genética molecular genética molecular.
  • Las vías de señalización de las plantas.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La adquisición de la identidad de las células vegetales se basa en la información posicional y la comunicación intercelular para el patrón de desarrollo.
  • Durante la embriogénesis de Arabidopsis, la hipofisis (célula fundadora del meristema de la raíz primaria) se especifica mediante señales de células embrionarias adyacentes.
  • Se sabe que el factor de transcripción dependiente de la auxina MONOPTEROS (MP) impulsa la especificación de la hipófisis a través del transporte de la auxina, pero se requieren señales adicionales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Identificar nuevos genes dependientes de MP que median la señalización intercelular desde el embrión hasta el precursor de la hipófisis.
  • Para aclarar el papel de estos genes en la especificación de raíz embrionaria de Arabidopsis.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de expresión génica basado en microarrays para aislar los genes objetivo de MP.
  • Análisis genético de genes diana identificados en mutantes de Arabidopsis.
  • Análisis de la localización y el movimiento de proteínas para TMO7.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificó TARGET OF MP 5 (TMO5) y TARGET OF MP 7 (TMO7) como objetivos de transcripción directa de MP.
  • TMO5 y TMO7 codifican los factores de transcripción bHLH expresados en las células embrionarias adyacentes a la hipófisis.
  • TMO5 y TMO7 son requeridos y parcialmente suficientes para la iniciación de raíz dependiente de MP.
  • TMO7 funciona como una señal intercelular móvil, moviéndose desde el embrión hasta el precursor de la hipofisis.

Conclusiones:

  • TMO5 y TMO7 son componentes cruciales de la vía de señalización dependiente de MP para la especificación de raíces embrionarias en Arabidopsis.
  • TMO7 representa una nueva clase de moléculas de señalización intercelular dependientes de MP involucradas en el desarrollo de las plantas.
  • Comprender esta vía de señalización proporciona información sobre los mecanismos de determinación del destino celular en la embriogénesis de las plantas.