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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...
Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.

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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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El fenilhidroxicarbeno y el fenilhidroxicarbeno.

Dennis Gerbig1, Hans Peter Reisenauer, Chia-Hua Wu

  • 1Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 14, 2010
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Se generó y caracterizó el fenilhidroxicarbeno, el arilhidroxicarbeno progenitor. Muestra el túnel de hidrógeno mecánico cuántico al benzaldehído, un proceso no afectado por la temperatura pero detenido por la deuteración.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física Química orgánica Física Química orgánica
  • La espectroscopia es una técnica de espectroscopia.
  • Química computacional es la química computacional.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los carbenos son reactivos intermedios cruciales en la síntesis orgánica.
  • Comprender los mecanismos de reacción de los carbenos, incluido el túnel, es clave para controlar las transformaciones químicas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para generar y caracterizar el fenilhidroxicarbeno (Ph-C-OH), el padre arilhidroxicarbeno.
  • Investigar el mecanismo de reacción y la cinética del fenilhidroxicarbeno, en particular el túnel de hidrógeno.
  • Para comparar los hallazgos experimentales con las predicciones teóricas para las vías de reacción y las barreras energéticas.

Principales métodos:

  • Pirólisis de flash de alto vacío de ácido fenilglioxílico a 600°C para generar fenilhidroxicarbeno.
  • Aislamiento de la matriz en argón sólido a 11 K para la caracterización espectroscópica (IR, UV-vis).
  • Cálculos ab initio de alto nivel (CCSD(T, EOM-CCSD) para frecuencias vibratorias, energías de excitación y análisis de trayectoria de reacción.

Principales resultados:

  • El fenilhidroxicarbeno fue generado con éxito e identificado espectroscópicamente.
  • Los espectros infrarrojos y ultravioleta visibles observados estaban en excelente acuerdo con las frecuencias computadas y las energías de excitación.
  • El fenilhidroxicarbeno se somete fácilmente a un túnel de hidrógeno mecánico cuántico al benzaldehído con una vida media de 2,5 horas a temperaturas criogénicas, a pesar de una alta barrera de activación (28,8 kcal mol-1).
  • La deuteración del fenilhidroxicarbeno suprimió efectivamente la reacción de túnel.

Conclusiones:

  • El arilhidroxicarbeno padre, el fenilhidroxicarbeno, ha sido sintetizado y caracterizado.
  • El estudio proporciona evidencia convincente para el túnel de hidrógeno mecánico cuántico como la vía de reacción dominante para el fenilhidroxicarbeno, incluso a bajas temperaturas.
  • Los cálculos teóricos predicen con precisión las observaciones experimentales, validando el enfoque computacional para el estudio de la dinámica de reacción de los carbenos.