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In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
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When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Las oscilaciones generadas por la precipitación en campos abiertos de nubes celulares.

Graham Feingold1, Ilan Koren, Hailong Wang

  • 1NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA. graham.feingold@noaa.gov

Nature
|August 13, 2010
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Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los campos de nubes forman patrones celulares oscilantes, que influyen en el clima de la Tierra. Este estudio revela cómo las precipitaciones impulsan la autoorganización en los patrones de nubes, impactando la reflexión de la luz solar y el modelado climático.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de la atmósfera ciencia atmosférica.
  • Ciencias del clima Ciencias del clima Ciencias del clima
  • Meteorología Meteorología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los patrones de nubes impactan significativamente el clima de la Tierra al alterar el reflejo de la luz solar.
  • Las estructuras de nubes celulares están vinculadas a la convección organizada e influenciadas por los aerosoles que afectan a la precipitación.
  • Los mecanismos que impulsan la formación y evolución de las células de nubes siguen siendo poco conocidos, lo que dificulta las simulaciones climáticas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para dilucidar los mecanismos físicos detrás de la formación y la oscilación de los patrones de nubes celulares abiertas.
  • Para entender cómo las nubes de precipitación se autoorganizan en patrones oscilantes.
  • Mejorar la simulación de los efectos de las nubes en la reflectancia global.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de imágenes satelitales para observar patrones de nubes.
  • Utilización de modelos numéricos para simular la dinámica de las nubes.
  • Investigación del papel de la precipitación en la evolución de las células de las nubes.

Principales resultados:

  • Las nubes precipitadas generan patrones celulares abiertos oscilantes.
  • Las corrientes descendentes y las salidas inducidas por las precipitaciones interactúan, creando zonas de convergencia superficial.
  • Estas zonas desencadenan la formación de nuevas nubes, lo que lleva a un sistema auto-organizado y oscilante.

Conclusiones:

  • Los patrones de campo de nubes son sistemas dinámicos y oscilantes impulsados por procesos de precipitación.
  • La comprensión de estas oscilaciones es crucial para el modelado climático preciso y la predicción de los impactos climáticos impulsados por la nube.
  • El estudio revela un nuevo mecanismo de autoorganización en la convección atmosférica.