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El gran terremoto de Samoa-Tonga de 2009 desencadenó el doble.
Thorne Lay1, Charles J Ammon, Hiroo Kanamori
1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. tlay@ucsc.edu
Nature
|August 21, 2010
Resumen
Una rara secuencia de terremotos de Tonga en 2009 vio un inusual evento intraplate desencadenar fallas masivas de interplate, aumentando significativamente los riesgos sísmicos y de tsunami. Esta compleja ruptura causó devastadoras olas de tsunami y réplicas generalizadas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La geofísica es la geofísica.
- Sismología Sismología Sismología.
- La tectónica es la tectónica.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los grandes terremotos generalmente involucran rupturas entre placas, lo que puede desencadenar réplicas intraplacas cercanas.
- El patrón habitual es que los eventos interplateados activen la sismicidad intraplateada, no al revés.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar una rara secuencia de terremotos en la zona de subducción de Tonga, donde un terremoto intraplaca desencadenó fallas interplaca.
- Para entender los peligros sísmicos y tsunamis asociados con este patrón de ruptura invertido.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de datos de ondas sísmicas para distinguir rupturas de fallas distintas.
- Investigación de la secuencia del terremoto de Tonga del 29 de septiembre de 2009, incluida su magnitud de momento y los mecanismos de falla.
Principales resultados:
- Un terremoto intraplate de magnitud de momento 8.1 desencadenó dos importantes subeventos interplate (de magnitud de momento 7.8 cada uno) en cuestión de minutos.
- Las fallas combinadas generaron olas de tsunami con hasta 12 metros de altura, causando muertes en Samoa, Samoa Americana y Tonga.
- El análisis sísmico detallado reveló fallas distintas con diferentes geometrías, incluyendo fallas de empuje desencadenadas.
Conclusiones:
- La secuencia de terremotos de Tonga en 2009 demostró una inversión del patrón típico de desencadenamiento de terremotos.
- Este evento amplió significativamente los peligros sísmicos y de tsunamis, destacando las complejas interacciones entre las fallas interplacas e intraplacas.
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