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La evolución y el futuro del ciclo del nitrógeno de la Tierra
Donald E Canfield1, Alexander N Glazer, Paul G Falkowski
1Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Denmark. dec@biology.sdu.dk
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 9, 2010
Resumen
Las prácticas agrícolas humanas han interrumpido el ciclo del nitrógeno de la Tierra, causando eutrofización y aumentando las emisiones de óxido nitroso (N2O). Los procesos microbianos pueden restaurar el equilibrio, pero la intervención humana es crucial para mitigar el daño ambiental a largo plazo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias de la Tierra Ciencias de la Tierra
- Ciencias ambientales Ciencias ambientales.
- Microbiología Microbiología.
Sus antecedentes:
- El primer ciclo del nitrógeno estaba gobernado por procesos atmosféricos y geológicos.
- Hace 2.700 millones de años, los procesos microbianos establecieron el moderno ciclo del nitrógeno con mecanismos reguladores naturales.
- La demanda mundial de alimentos ha impulsado avances agrícolas que interrumpen significativamente el ciclo del nitrógeno.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar la evolución histórica y la interrupción actual del ciclo del nitrógeno de la Tierra.
- Para resaltar las consecuencias ambientales del desequilibrio del ciclo del nitrógeno inducido por el hombre.
- Para enfatizar el papel de los procesos microbianos y la necesidad de la intervención humana para la restauración del ciclo del nitrógeno.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis histórico de la evolución del ciclo del nitrógeno de la Tierra.
- Evaluación del impacto de las prácticas agrícolas modernas en el ciclo del nitrógeno.
- Evaluación de la eutrofización y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero relacionadas con la interrupción del ciclo del nitrógeno.
Principales resultados:
- Las prácticas agrícolas humanas han perturbado gravemente el ciclo del nitrógeno durante el siglo pasado.
- Las perturbaciones han dado lugar a una eutrofización generalizada de los ecosistemas acuáticos.
- Se han observado mayores emisiones del potente gas de efecto invernadero óxido nitroso (N2O).
Conclusiones:
- Los procesos microbianos son clave para restaurar el equilibrio del ciclo del nitrógeno.
- El daño inducido por el hombre al ciclo del nitrógeno persistirá durante décadas o siglos sin una gestión activa.
- La implementación urgente de estrategias de intervención y gestión es necesaria para abordar el desequilibrio de la economía del nitrógeno.
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