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La evolución de los ARN no codificantes de la levadura revela un mecanismo alternativo para la pérdida generalizada

Quinn M Mitrovich¹, Brian B Tuch, Francisco M De La Vega

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2200, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 6, 2010

Resumen

Los mecanismos de pérdida de intrones difieren entre los linajes de levaduras. Los genes de ARN nucleolar pequeño (snoRNA) en Candida albicans retienen los snoRNA dentro de los intrones, mientras que las levaduras de Saccharomyces pierden intrones a través de la degeneración de la señal de empalme.

Área de la Ciencia:

Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
Genética molecular genética molecular.
La genómica es la genómica.

Sus antecedentes:

Los impulsores evolutivos de la pérdida de intrones siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidos.
Investigaciones previas investigaron principalmente la pérdida de intrones en los genes codificadores de proteínas.
Los genes de ARN nucleolar pequeño (snoRNA), donde los intrones son a menudo funcionales, ofrecen un sistema modelo distinto.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar los mecanismos evolutivos de la pérdida de intrones en los genes de snoRNA no codificantes.
Para comparar los patrones de pérdida de intrones en los genes de snoRNA en diferentes linajes de levaduras, específicamente Candida albicans y Saccharomyces.
Para dilucidar las distintas trayectorias evolutivas de la pérdida de intrones en los genes codificantes frente a los no codificantes.

Principales métodos:

Se empleó la secuenciación de ARN profundo para analizar la expresión génica e identificar las uniones de empalme.
Se realizó una anotación en todo el genoma de las uniones de empalme para mapear las estructuras intrón-exón.
Se realizó un análisis genómico comparativo a través de distintos linajes de levaduras.

Principales resultados:

En el linaje de Candida albicans, los genes de snoRNA exhibieron una compactación extrema y pérdida de exones, pero retuvieron intrones que contienen snoRNA funcionales.
En el linaje de Saccharomyces, los intrones se perdieron en gran medida debido a la degeneración de las señales de empalme esenciales.
Esta pérdida de intrones en los genes de snoRNA difiere mecánica y temporalmente de la observada en los genes codificadores de proteínas.

Conclusiones:

La pérdida de intrones en los genes de snoRNA sigue distintas vías evolutivas en comparación con los genes codificadores de proteínas.
La pérdida de intrones en los genes de snoRNA de Saccharomyces puede ser facilitada por nuevos mecanismos de procesamiento de snoRNA.
Comprender la pérdida de intrones en ARN no codificantes proporciona información crucial sobre la evolución del genoma.

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