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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Published on: December 7, 2021

La divergencia de expresión génica recapitula el modelo de reloj de arena del desarrollo.

Alex T Kalinka1, Karolina M Varga, Dave T Gerrard

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

Nature
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Resumen

El modelo de reloj de arena sugiere que el desarrollo animal diverge más temprano y más tarde. Este estudio revela que la expresión génica es más conservada durante el período filotípico, apoyando la selección natural.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • La genómica es la genómica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El período filotípico embrionario se caracteriza por la máxima similitud morfológica entre los filos animales.
  • El modelo de reloj de arena propone que la embriogénesis diverge más en las etapas temprana y tardía, con la mitad de la embriogénesis que muestra el pico de conservación.
  • Si bien los datos morfológicos apoyan el modelo de reloj de arena, el papel de la evolución de la expresión génica en este patrón sigue sin estar claro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar hasta qué punto la evolución de la expresión génica subyace al patrón de reloj de arena morfológico.
  • Para determinar si la expresión génica se conserva al máximo durante el período filotípico de los artrópodos.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizaron micro matrices específicas de la especie para seis especies secuenciadas de Drosophila con distancias evolutivas de hasta 40 millones de años.
  • Divergencia de expresión génica cuantificada a través de diferentes etapas de desarrollo embrionario.
  • Aplicó modelos evolutivos para analizar patrones de expresión génica e identificar presiones selectivas.

Principales resultados:

  • Se encontró que la expresión génica se conservaba al máximo durante el período filotípico de los artrópodos, alineándose con el modelo de reloj de arena.
  • Más del 80% de los genes analizados se ajustan mejor a los modelos evolutivos que incorporan la selección estabilizadora en cada punto de tiempo.
  • La restricción selectiva en la expresión génica se maximizó durante el período filotípico para los genes con niveles de expresión óptimos conservados.
  • Los genes que exhiben el patrón de reloj de arena más fuerte están involucrados en procesos cruciales del desarrollo.

Conclusiones:

  • La selección natural conserva activamente los patrones de expresión génica durante la mitad de la embriogénesis.
  • Proporciona evidencia de todo el genoma para la base molecular del patrón de reloj de arena del desarrollo.
  • Destaca el papel de la expresión génica conservada en la restricción de la evolución de los planes corporales de los animales.