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Karyotyping

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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
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Synteny and Evolution

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Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

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Los análisis filogenómicos desentrañan la evolución de los anelidos.

Torsten H Struck¹, Christiane Paul, Natascha Hill

¹University of Osnabrück, FB05 Biology/Chemistry, AG Zoology, Barbarastrasse 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany. struck@biologie.uni-osnabrueck.de

|March 4, 2011

Resumen

Los análisis filogenómicos revelan la historia evolutiva de Annelida (gusanos anillados), aclarando las relaciones entre los principales clados como Errantia y Sedentaria. Este estudio reconstruye el árbol anelido de la vida, ofreciendo información sobre la evolución del plan corporal.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
Zoología Zoología Zoología.
La filogenética es la filogenética.

Sus antecedentes:

Annelida (gusanos anillados) es un filo diverso crucial para la comprensión de la evolución animal.
Las clasificaciones tradicionales de Annelida son desafiadas por nuevas evidencias, lo que requiere un marco evolutivo robusto.
Las relaciones evolutivas de nivel profundo dentro de Annelida siguen siendo poco conocidas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para reconstruir una filogenia bien apoyada para Annelida utilizando datos filogenómicos.
Investigar la historia evolutiva y las relaciones de nivel profundo dentro del filo Annelida.
Para entender la evolución de los planes corporales y estilos de vida dentro de Annelida.

Principales métodos:

Se realizaron análisis filogenómicos en 34 taxones de anelidos.
Utilizó 47.953 posiciones de aminoácidos para una robusta reconstrucción filogenética.
Empleó reconstrucciones de rasgos de carácter ancestrales para inferir adaptaciones evolutivas.

Principales resultados:

Se recuperó una filogenia de anelidos bien soportada, aclarando las principales divisiones.
Los clados basales identificados incluyen chaetopteridos, mizostomidos y sipuncúlidos.
Se resolvieron dos clado principales, Errantia y Sedentaria, que muestran adaptaciones a diferentes estilos de vida.

Conclusiones:

El estudio proporciona un marco evolutivo robusto para Annelida, incluyendo taxones previamente debatidos.
La filogenia reconstruida ilumina la evolución de los estilos de vida erráticos y sedentarios y los rasgos asociados.
Los personajes de la historia de la vida son filogenéticamente informativos dentro de Annelida, mejorando la comprensión evolutiva.