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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...

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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Evolución morfológica causada por muchas sustituciones de efectos sutiles en el ADN regulador.

Nicolás Frankel1, Deniz F Erezyilmaz, Alistair P McGregor

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Nature
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Resumen

La evolución de la morfología larval en Drosophila sechellia fue el resultado de cambios en los genes del desarrollo. Múltiples sustituciones de un solo nucleótido en un potenciador transcripcional alteraron la expresión génica, causando diferencias morfológicas significativas a través de efectos no aditivos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo evolutivo Biología del desarrollo evolutivo
  • Genética La genética.
  • Biología molecular La biología molecular.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La evolución morfológica está impulsada por cambios en los genes del desarrollo, pero las mutaciones causales a menudo son desconocidas.
  • La evolución de la cutícula larval desnuda en Drosophila sechellia está relacionada con cambios en los potenciadores transcripcionales del gen shavenbaby (svb).

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar las sustituciones específicas de un solo nucleótido responsables de la evolución de los potenciadores de SVB.
  • Cuantificar los efectos fenotípicos de estas sustituciones de nucleótidos en la morfología larval y la expresión de SVB.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis funcional de un potenciador svb específico a través de sustituciones de un solo nucleótido.
  • Cuantificación de las consecuencias fenotípicas utilizando un nuevo ensayo funcional.
  • Análisis del tiempo y los niveles de expresión de svb.

Principales resultados:

  • Múltiples sustituciones de un solo nucleótido en un potenciador de SVB alteraron su función.
  • Cada sustitución tuvo un pequeño efecto fenotípico, pero colectivamente causaron una evolución morfológica significativa.
  • Las sustituciones exhibieron efectos no aditivos en el fenotipo.

Conclusiones:

  • Los cambios individuales de nucleótidos dentro de los potenciadores de la transcripción pueden impulsar una evolución morfológica significativa.
  • La evolución de rasgos complejos puede resultar de la acumulación de mutaciones de pequeño efecto con interacciones no aditivas.
  • Proporciona información de alta resolución sobre la base genética del cambio evolutivo.