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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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El transcriptoma mitocondrial humano es el transcriptoma.

Tim R Mercer1, Shane Neph, Marcel E Dinger

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.

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PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio revela una compleja regulación del ARN mitocondrial humano. Los investigadores encontraron variaciones en los niveles de transcripción y procesamiento, ofreciendo nuevos conocimientos sobre la expresión génica mitocondrial y la enfermedad.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Genética La genética.
  • Biología celular Biología celular.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El genoma mitocondrial humano tiene un sistema genético único.
  • Produce transcripciones policistrónicas que se procesan en ARN funcionales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para analizar exhaustivamente el transcriptoma mitocondrial humano.
  • Para identificar nuevas transcripciones y mecanismos regulatorios.

Principales métodos:

  • Secuenciación profunda direccional.
  • Análisis paralelo de los extremos del ARN (PARE)
  • La huella de DNaseI de alto rendimiento in vivo.

Principales resultados:

  • Se demostró una variación significativa en la abundancia de transcripción mitocondrial a través de líneas celulares y tejidos.
  • Eventos de procesamiento y maduración de transcripción mapeados con precisión.
  • Se identificaron nuevos ARN pequeños y ARN nucleares enriquecidos dentro de las mitocondrias.
  • Mapeó la ocupación de proteínas de unión al ADN en todo el genoma mitocondrial a una resolución de un solo nucleótido.
  • Se revelaron características reguladoras en los sitios de iniciación de la transcripción y conocimientos sobre las variantes de la enfermedad.

Conclusiones:

  • El transcriptoma mitocondrial humano exhibe una mayor complejidad de lo que se entendía anteriormente.
  • Este estudio proporciona un valioso recurso para la investigación mitocondrial y la comprensión de las variantes asociadas a la enfermedad.