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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Una pelvis parcial de Australopithecus sedibaba fue encontrada.

Job M Kibii1, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid

  • 1Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 10, 2011
PubMed
Resumen

Las pelvis fósiles de Australopithecus sediba muestran una mezcla de características de australopitecos y Homo, lo que indica cambios evolutivos en los primeros homínidos. Estos cambios en la anatomía pélvica no fueron impulsados por el nacimiento de crías con cerebros más grandes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La paleoantropología es la paleoantropología.
  • Evolución del ser humano Evolución del ser humano
  • Biología esquelética Biología esquelética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La pelvis del homínido es crucial para comprender los cambios evolutivos en la locomoción y el parto.
  • Los fósiles de Australopithecus sediba ofrecen información sobre la transición entre los australopites y los primeros Homo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para reconstruir y analizar las pelvas parciales de dos individuos de Australopithecus sediba.
  • Para identificar características compartidas y derivadas con los australopitas y el Homo.
  • Para investigar la relación entre la evolución pélvica y el tamaño del cerebro en los primeros homínidos.

Principales métodos:

  • Reconstrucción de pelvas parciales a partir de material fósil previamente reportado y nuevo.
  • Análisis anatómico comparativo de las características pélvicas.
  • Evaluación morfológica de las cuchillas ilíacas, ramas púbicas e isquia.

Principales resultados:

  • Las pelvas reconstruidas exhiben un mosaico de rasgos: rasgos similares a los australopitas (gran diámetro biacetabular, articulaciones pequeñas, ramificación púbica larga) y rasgos similares a los Homo (láminas ilíacas orientadas verticalmente, cuerpo ilíaco robusto, isquia acortada, ramificación púbica orientada superiormente).
  • Las características derivadas típicamente asociadas con el género Homo están presentes en Australopithecus sediba.
  • Estas adaptaciones pélvicas ocurrieron en una especie con un pequeño tamaño de cerebro adulto.

Conclusiones:

  • La morfología pélvica del Australopithecus sediba representa un mosaico evolutivo significativo.
  • La evolución de estas características pélvicas derivadas probablemente no fue impulsada por la necesidad de acomodar a la descendencia con cerebros más grandes.
  • Este hallazgo desafía las hipótesis anteriores que vinculaban la evolución pélvica principalmente con el aumento del tamaño del cerebro en la evolución temprana de los homínidos.