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Progreso hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 4 y 5 sobre la mortalidad materna e infantil: un análisis
Rafael Lozano1, Haidong Wang, Kyle J Foreman
1Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA. rlozano@u.washington.edu
Lancet (London, England)
|September 23, 2011
Resumen
Las tasas de mortalidad infantil y materna están disminuyendo, pero la mayoría de los países no cumplirán los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) 4 y 5 para 2015. La acción acelerada es crucial para lograr estos objetivos mundiales de salud.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Global La salud global.
- Demografía La demografía es la demografía.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- El seguimiento del progreso hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) 4 y 5 es fundamental, con 2015 como un año objetivo clave.
- Las estimaciones anteriores de la mortalidad materna e infantil se publicaron en 2010; se necesitan cifras actualizadas debido a los nuevos datos y métodos.
- El estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar la evidencia más precisa para el seguimiento del progreso de los ODM 4 y 5.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Actualizar las estimaciones de mortalidad materna e infantil utilizando los últimos datos disponibles y metodologías sólidas.
- Evaluar el progreso hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 4 (mortalidad infantil) y 5 (mortalidad materna).
Principales métodos:
- Los análisis actualizados incorporaron datos adicionales de encuestas, censos, registro vital y autopsias verbales.
- La mortalidad infantil se estimó para los grupos de edad neonatal temprano, neonatal tardío, postneonatal, infancia (1-4 años) y menores de 5 años utilizando un modelo mejorado.
- El análisis de la mortalidad materna incluyó más de 1000 años de datos adicionales del sitio, utilizando un modelo conjunto para la estimación de 1990 a 2011.
Principales resultados:
- Las muertes de menores de 5 años disminuyeron a 7.2 millones en 2011, con reducciones significativas en la mortalidad neonatal y infantil.
- 106 países aceleraron la disminución de la mortalidad infantil entre 2000 y 2011 en comparación con la década anterior.
- Las muertes maternas disminuyeron de 409.100 en 1990 a 273.500 en 2011; 56.100 fueron relacionadas con el VIH.
- Las proyecciones indican que 31 países lograrán el ODM 4, 13 países el ODM 5 y nueve países lograrán ambos.
Conclusiones:
- Si bien el progreso en la reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil se está acelerando en muchos países, la mayoría de las naciones en desarrollo superarán las metas de los ODM de 2015.
- El ritmo de reducción de la mortalidad materna sigue siendo lento y carece de una aceleración general.
- Es necesaria una acción global inmediata y concertada para que numerosos países alcancen el ODM 4 y el ODM 5.
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