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Desigualdad en la primera infancia: factores de riesgo y de protección para el desarrollo infantil temprano
Susan P Walker1, Theodore D Wachs, Sally Grantham-McGregor
1Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. susan.walker@uwimona.edu.jm
Lancet (London, England)
|September 28, 2011
Resumen
Las experiencias adversas tempranas impactan el desarrollo cerebral infantil y la desigualdad de por vida. Las intervenciones son cruciales para mitigar los riesgos y promover el desarrollo de los niños vulnerables a nivel mundial.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia del desarrollo neurológico.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Desarrollo infantil Desarrollo infantil Desarrollo infantil.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las experiencias adversas tempranas tienen sus raíces en las desigualdades de la población.
- Los primeros factores biológicos y psicosociales moldean significativamente el desarrollo del cerebro.
- Millones de niños pequeños no logran alcanzar su potencial de desarrollo debido a riesgos clave.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Identificar los principales riesgos y factores de protección para el desarrollo infantil temprano.
- Informar el establecimiento de prioridades para los programas y políticas de desarrollo infantil temprano.
- Beneficiar a los niños más pobres del mundo y reducir las desigualdades persistentes.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de la investigación existente sobre los riesgos del desarrollo infantil temprano y los factores de protección.
- El énfasis en el fortalecimiento de la evidencia para los factores de riesgo conocidos.
- Identificación de factores de riesgo emergentes y elementos de protección.
Principales resultados:
- Los riesgos previamente identificados incluyen una estimulación cognitiva inadecuada, retraso en el crecimiento, deficiencia de yodo y anemia por deficiencia de hierro.
- Se identificaron riesgos adicionales: restricción del crecimiento intrauterino, malaria, exposición al plomo, VIH, depresión materna, institucionalización y violencia social.
- Los factores de protección incluyen la lactancia materna y la educación materna; evidencia emergente sobre la nutrición prenatal, el estrés materno y el VIH materno.
Conclusiones:
- Se necesitan intervenciones urgentes para reducir la exposición al riesgo de los niños.
- Es esencial promover el desarrollo de los niños afectados.
- Las políticas basadas en la evidencia pueden reducir las desigualdades al priorizar el desarrollo infantil temprano.
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