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DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Efectores TAL: proteínas personalizables para la orientación del ADN.

Adam J Bogdanove1, Daniel F Voytas

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, 351 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. ajbog@iastate.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 1, 2011
PubMed
Resumen

Los efectores similares a los activadores de transcripción ofrecen un nuevo método para orientar con precisión las secuencias de ADN. Este avance permite la edición y manipulación genética precisa para diversas aplicaciones en investigación y medicina.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genómica es la genómica.
  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Biología sintética Biología sintética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La alteración dirigida de las secuencias de nucleótidos y la expresión génica en las células vivas es crucial para el avance de la investigación genómica, pero sigue siendo un desafío significativo.
  • Los métodos existentes para diseñar dominios de unión al ADN para dirigir proteínas para la mutagenesis o la manipulación transcripcional a menudo carecen de la especificidad requerida.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir y explorar la utilidad de los efectores similares al activador de transcripción (TAL) como un sistema de orientación de ADN altamente específico.
  • Para resaltar el dominio modular de unión al ADN de los efectores TAL para superar los desafíos de especificidad en la manipulación genética.

Principales métodos:

  • Aprovechando el dominio modular de unión al ADN de los efectores TAL, que comprende repeticiones de aminoácidos polimórficos en tándem.
  • Cada repetición en el dominio del efector TAL especifica un nucleótido contiguo en el ADN, lo que permite un reconocimiento preciso de la secuencia.

Principales resultados:

  • Los efectores TAL demuestran un alto grado de especificidad en la orientación del ADN debido a su estructura de repetición modular.
  • El sistema de efectores TAL supera efectivamente las limitaciones anteriores para lograr una manipulación precisa de la secuencia de ADN.

Conclusiones:

  • El dominio de unión al ADN del efector TAL proporciona una poderosa herramienta para aplicaciones genéticas específicas.
  • Esta tecnología tiene un amplio potencial, que incluye estudios de función génica, mejora de cultivos y desarrollo terapéutico para trastornos genéticos.