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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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La cristalización selectiva inducida por gel de los polimorfos.

Ying Diao¹, Kristen E Whaley, Matthew E Helgeson

¹Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous Manufacturing and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E19-502b, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|December 6, 2011

Resumen

Los microgeles poliméricos controlan el polimorfismo de los cristales al influir en la cinética de la nucleación y el confinamiento. Esta investigación avanza en la comprensión de la cristalización en entornos confinados y en interfaces complejas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
Ingeniería Química Ingeniería Química.
Química Física es la química física.

Sus antecedentes:

El polimorfismo en entornos confinados es poco comprendido, especialmente la cinética.
A menudo se descuida el papel de la estructura local del sustrato en el polimorfismo.
Los materiales nanoporosos ofrecen potencial para el control de la cristalización polimórfica.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar microgeles poliméricos para el control de la cristalización polimórfica de la solución.
Estudie sistemáticamente los efectos del nanoconfinamiento y las interacciones interfaciales en los resultados polimórficos.
Avanzar en la comprensión fundamental de la cristalización en las interfaces complejas.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó microgeles de polímero con microestructura sintonizable.
Investigó la cinética de la nucleación inducida por gel.
Se analizaron los resultados polimórficos basados en la microestructura del polímero y la composición química.

Principales resultados:

Los microgeles poliméricos mejoraron significativamente la selectividad polimórfica.
Los resultados polimórficos están fuertemente correlacionados con la cinética de la nucleación.
Los resultados son sensibles a la microestructura del polímero y a su composición química.

Conclusiones:

Los microgeles poliméricos son prometedores para el control del polimorfismo de los cristales.
La plantilla de nucleación y el confinamiento espacial son claves para la selectividad.
El estudio avanza en la comprensión de la cristalización en entornos confinados.