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Efecto del contenido de proteínas en la dieta sobre el aumento de peso, el gasto energético y la composición corporal
George A Bray1, Steven R Smith, Lilian de Jonge
1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. George.bray@pbrc.edu
JAMA
|January 5, 2012
Resumen
Comer en exceso con dietas bajas en proteínas dio lugar a un menor aumento de peso en comparación con las dietas normales o altas en proteínas. La ingesta de proteínas influye en el gasto energético y la masa corporal magra, pero no en el almacenamiento de grasa.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La investigación en el metabolismo.
- La ciencia nutricional es una ciencia nutricional.
- Fisiología humana fisiología humana.
Sus antecedentes:
- El impacto de la composición de la dieta en la sobrealimentación humana y el gasto energético sigue siendo incompletamente entendido.
- Investigar el papel de la variación de la ingesta de proteínas durante el excedente calórico es crucial para obtener información sobre la salud metabólica.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para determinar cómo las dietas bajas, normales y altas en proteínas afectan el aumento de peso, el gasto energético y la composición corporal durante el consumo excesivo.
- Para aclarar las funciones específicas de la proteína dietética en el equilibrio energético y la regulación de la masa corporal.
Principales métodos:
- Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado que involucró a 25 adultos sanos (18-35 años) durante 10-12 semanas.
- Los participantes fueron sobrealimentados por aproximadamente 954 kcal/día con dietas que contenían 5% (baja), 15% (normal) o 25% (alta) de proteína.
- Las mediciones incluyeron la composición corporal (DXA), el gasto energético en reposo (capuchón ventilado) y el gasto energético total (agua con doble etiqueta).
Principales resultados:
- Las dietas bajas en proteínas condujeron a un aumento de peso significativamente menor (3,16 kg) en comparación con las dietas normales (6,05 kg) y altas en proteínas (6,51 kg).
- La grasa corporal aumentó de manera similar en todos los grupos, representando entre el 50 y el 90% del exceso de calorías.
- El gasto de energía en reposo y la masa corporal magra aumentaron con dietas normales y altas en proteínas, pero no con dietas bajas en proteínas.
Conclusiones:
- El excedente calórico es el principal impulsor de la ganancia de grasa, independientemente de la ingesta de proteínas.
- La proteína dietética influye significativamente en el gasto de energía y la acumulación de masa corporal magra durante la sobrealimentación.
- El contenido de proteínas modula la adaptación metabólica a comer en exceso, afectando la masa magra pero no la acumulación de grasa.
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