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El contexto ecológico influye en el tamaño de la epidemia y la evolución impulsada por parásitos.

Meghan A Duffy¹, Jessica Housley Ochs, Rachel M Penczykowski

¹School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA. duffy@gatech.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|March 31, 2012

Resumen

El contexto ecológico da forma a la evolución del huésped durante los brotes de enfermedades. Los huéspedes desarrollaron resistencia durante las grandes epidemias y susceptibilidad durante las pequeñas, influenciados por factores como la productividad y la depredación.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
Ecología Ecología Ecología.
Epidemiología La epidemiología.

Sus antecedentes:

Los brotes de enfermedades impactan significativamente en la evolución del huésped.
Una compensación entre la resistencia y la fecundidad puede llevar a que los huéspedes desarrollen diferentes niveles de resistencia en función del tamaño de la epidemia.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para probar la predicción de que la evolución del huésped, específicamente la resistencia a la infección, varía con la magnitud de la epidemia.
Investigar el papel de los factores ecológicos en la determinación del tamaño de la epidemia y las posteriores respuestas evolutivas del huésped.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó un sistema huésped-parásito de levadura de zooplancton para estudiar la evolución del huésped.
Factores ecológicos manipulados (productividad y depredación) para alterar el tamaño de las epidemias de levaduras en diferentes entornos lacustres.

Principales resultados:

La alta productividad y la baja depredación condujeron a grandes epidemias de levaduras y al aumento de la resistencia del huésped.
La baja productividad y la alta depredación dieron como resultado pequeñas epidemias y una mayor susceptibilidad del huésped.

Conclusiones:

El contexto ecológico, específicamente la productividad y la depredación, moldea directamente la evolución del huésped durante las epidemias.
Los cambios antropogénicos en estos factores ecológicos pueden tener profundos impactos tanto en la dinámica ecológica como en las trayectorias evolutivas de las enfermedades.