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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

Physical Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are degenerate and have...
Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
The linear isomer of an alkane is prefixed by the term “n”; hence a linear isomer of pentane is known as n-pentane. Based on the type of branching, some of the branched isomers are given...
Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered ethane, the...
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation

The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...

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Las longitudes de los alcanos determinan las tasas de encapsulación y los equilibrios.

Wei Jiang1, Dariush Ajami, Julius Rebek

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 3, 2012
PubMed
Resumen

Las tasas de encapsulación de los alcanos en una cápsula cilíndrica dependen de la longitud de la cadena, los alcanos más cortos entran más rápido, pero los alcanos más largos son más estables. Este sistema actúa como un reloj molecular, controlable por el intercambio de invitados y la luz.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química supramolecular de las moléculas.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • La cinética química es la cinética química.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las cápsulas cilíndricas pueden encapsular moléculas, influyendo en sus conformaciones.
  • Comprender las interacciones huésped-anfitrión es crucial para el diseño de materiales funcionales.
  • Los alcanos pueden adoptar estados extendidos o comprimidos dentro de entornos confinados.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la dinámica de encapsulación de los alcanos de cadena recta dentro de una cápsula cilíndrica.
  • Para determinar la relación entre la longitud de la cadena de alcano y la tasa de encapsulación y la estabilidad compleja.
  • Explorar el potencial de este sistema como plataforma de química combinatoria dinámica y reloj molecular.

Principales métodos:

  • Se examinaron las tasas de encapsulación de los alcanos C, 9, C, 10 y C, 11.
  • Se llevaron a cabo experimentos de competencia directa (en parejas y en múltiples componentes) para evaluar el desplazamiento de los huéspedes.
  • Utilizado 4,4'-dimethylazobenzene como un invitado superior para controlar el estado del sistema a través de la irradiación.

Principales resultados:

  • Las tasas de encapsulación siguieron el orden: C(9) > C(10) > C(11).
  • La estabilidad compleja mostró el orden inverso: C(11) > C(10) > C(9).
  • Los alcanos más largos desplazaron secuencialmente a los más cortos en experimentos de competencia.
  • El sistema demostró auto-clasificación y comportamiento combinatorio dinámico, funcionando como un reloj molecular.
  • El reloj se podía detener y reiniciar de manera reversible utilizando 4,4'-dimetilazobenzeno y luz.

Conclusiones:

  • La encapsulación de alcano en cápsulas cilíndricas depende de la longitud, lo que afecta tanto a las tasas de absorción como a la estabilidad del complejo.
  • Los fenómenos observados de desplazamiento de huéspedes y evolución temporal establecen un reloj molecular controlable.
  • Este sistema ofrece una plataforma novedosa para aplicaciones dinámicas de química combinatoria y detección molecular.