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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

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Published on: July 21, 2011

Diferenciar entre los lantánidos trivalentes y los actinidos.

Matthew J Polinski1, Daniel J Grant, Shuao Wang

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 31, 2012
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio sintetizó nuevos compuestos de lantánido y actinido borato, revelando distintas propiedades estructurales y electrónicas entre las dos series a pesar de las condiciones de síntesis idénticas. Los cálculos de la estructura electrónica muestran orbitales An 5f localizados, con interacciones de enlace únicas en los boratos de Pu.

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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química Inorgánica La Química Inorgánica es la química inorgánica.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química del estado sólido.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los elementos lantánidos (Ln) y actinidos (An) forman compuestos complejos de borato con estructuras diversas.
  • Comprender las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas de estos compuestos es crucial para diversas aplicaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para sintetizar y caracterizar nuevos compuestos de lantánido y actinido borato.
  • Investigar las diferencias estructurales y electrónicas entre Ln y Anboratos.
  • Para dilucidar las características de unión de los orbitales An 5f y 6d en estos boratos.

Principales métodos:

  • Reacción de LnCl3 y AnCl3 con ácido bórico fundido.
  • Difracción de rayos X para la determinación estructural.
  • Cálculos de estructura electrónica utilizando los métodos CASSCF y DFT de múltiples referencias.
  • Análisis del orbital de enlace natural y de la población natural.

Principales resultados:

  • Formación de diversos compuestos Ln[B4]O6[OH]2Cl, Ln4[B8]O25[OH]13[Cl3], Ln[B6]O9[OH]3], Pu[B4]O6[OH]2Cl, Pu2[B3]O19[OH]5[Cl2][H2O]3, Am[B9]O13[OH]4[·H2O, y Cm2[B14]O20[OH]7[H2O]2Cl.
  • Los compuestos exhiben estructuras de red 3D con diferentes geometrías de coordinación (9 y 10 coordenadas) para los cationes Ln3+ y An3+.
  • Los cálculos de la estructura electrónica revelan orbitales An 5f localizados, con deslocalización orbital Pu 6p en boratos de Pu y deslocalización O 2p a An 6d en boratos de Am/Cm.
  • Los boratos de Pu muestran una mayor ocupación de 5f y una participación orbital única de An 6d en comparación con los boratos de Am y Cm.

Conclusiones:

  • Las series de lantanoide y actinide borato exhiben comportamientos estructurales y electrónicos no paralelos a pesar de una síntesis idéntica.
  • Los orbitales 5f están localizados y están involucrados mínimamente en el enlace.
  • Se observan interacciones electrónicas distintas que involucran a los orbitales Pu 6p, O 2p y An 6d, destacando la unión única en los boratos Pu, Am y Cm.