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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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No-amorfismo en ácido flufenámico y un nuevo récord para un compuesto polimórfico con estructuras resueltas.

Vilmalí López-Mejías1, Jeff W Kampf, Adam J Matzger

  • 1Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Resumen

El ácido flufenámico (FFA), un fármaco antiinflamatorio no esteroide (AINE), exhibe un polimorfismo sin precedentes. Los investigadores sintetizaron con éxito nueve formas cristalinas distintas, confirmando que el FFA es octamórfico y destacando los complejos factores que influyen en su selección de fase.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • La cristalografía es una técnica de cristalografía.
  • Ciencias Farmacéuticas Ciencias Farmacéuticas

Sus antecedentes:

  • El polimorfismo, la capacidad de un material sólido para existir en múltiples formas cristalinas, impacta significativamente las propiedades de los fármacos.
  • Anteriormente se sabía que el ácido flufenámico (FFA), un fármaco antiinflamatorio no esteroide (AINE), tenía formas cristalinas limitadas.
  • Comprender el polimorfismo del FFA es crucial para su desarrollo farmacéutico y eficacia.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar y caracterizar el polimorfismo extenso del ácido flufenámico (FFA).
  • Explorar nuevos métodos para acceder y dilucidar las diferentes formas cristalinas de FFA.
  • Comprender los factores cinéticos que rigen la cristalización y la selección de fase de los FFA.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó la heteronucleación inducida por polímeros (PIHn) para inducir la cristalización.
  • Se emplearon técnicas de transformación sólido-sólido a bajas temperaturas.
  • Realizó elucidación estructural de las formas cristalinas obtenidas utilizando técnicas analíticas avanzadas.

Principales resultados:

  • Accedió con éxito a nueve polimorfas distintas del ácido flufenámico (FFA).
  • Confirmado FFA como octamórfico, con seis nuevas formas caracterizadas además de dos previamente conocidas.
  • Se observó la co-ocurrencia de múltiples polimorfos bajo una sola condición de PIHn, lo que indica una cinética de cristalización compleja.

Conclusiones:

  • El ácido flufenámico (FFA) muestra un polimorfismo notable y sin precedentes.
  • La heteronucleatividad inducida por polímeros (PIHn) es una estrategia efectiva para acceder a diversas polimorfas de FFA.
  • La selección de fase de FFA se rige por una compleja interacción de factores cinéticos durante la cristalización.