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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

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Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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División de hierro sólido-líquido en el manto profundo de la Tierra.

Denis Andrault1, Sylvain Petitgirard, Giacomo Lo Nigro

  • 1Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS, IRD, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France. d.andrault@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr

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El derretimiento profundo del manto es clave para comprender la evolución de la Tierra. Una nueva investigación muestra que la fusión del manto profundo es flotante, se eleva a la superficie e influye en la actividad volcánica y los océanos de magma de la Tierra primitiva.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La geofísica es la geofísica.
  • La geoquímica es la geoquímica.
  • Ciencias planetarias Ciencias planetarias.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El derretimiento del manto profundo influye en el vulcanismo de los puntos calientes y en la evolución de la Tierra.
  • Comprender la flotabilidad del derretimiento cerca del límite núcleo-manto es crucial para los modelos geodinámicos.
  • Estudios anteriores sugirieron la incompatibilidad del hierro con los minerales del manto profundo, lo que llevó a un comportamiento de fusión debatido.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar las relaciones de fase en material del manto profundo parcialmente fundido.
  • Para determinar el coeficiente de partición del hierro entre la perovskita y la fundición.
  • Para calcular los contrastes de densidad sólida y de fusión en condiciones de manto profundo.

Principales métodos:

  • Petrología experimental bajo alta presión y temperatura.
  • Análisis de los equilibrios de fase en un material de tipo condrítico.
  • Cálculo de contrastes de densidad basado en datos experimentales.

Principales resultados:

  • El coeficiente de partición del hierro entre la (Mg,Fe) SiO(3) perovskita y la fundición es 0,450,6.6.
  • El hierro es menos incompatible con los minerales del manto profundo de lo que se pensaba anteriormente.
  • Los contrastes de densidad calculados indican que la fusión generada en el límite núcleo-manto es flotante.

Conclusiones:

  • La fusión flotante en el límite núcleo-manto debería segregarse hacia arriba, contribuyendo potencialmente al vulcanismo de superficie.
  • Los océanos de magma de la Tierra primitiva probablemente experimentaron una migración ascendente de la fusión durante la cristalización.
  • Este proceso podría conducir a un residuo sólido profundo agotado en elementos incompatibles.