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Correlatos de la actividad física: ¿por qué algunas personas son físicamente activas y otras no?
Adrian E Bauman1, Rodrigo S Reis, James F Sallis
1Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Sydney University, NSW, Australia. adrian.bauman@sydney.edu.au
Lancet (London, England)
|July 24, 2012
Resumen
Comprender los factores que influyen en la actividad física es clave para prevenir las enfermedades no transmisibles a nivel mundial. La investigación destaca factores individuales, ambientales y genéticos asociados con los niveles de actividad física.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Ciencias del comportamiento Ciencias del comportamiento.
- Epidemiología La epidemiología.
Sus antecedentes:
- La inactividad física es un factor de riesgo importante para las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) a nivel mundial, particularmente en los países de altos ingresos y cada vez más en los países de ingresos bajos y medios (LMIC).
- Las intervenciones efectivas de salud pública requieren comprender los correlatos (factores asociados) y los determinantes (factores causales) de la actividad física.
- Las investigaciones anteriores se han centrado principalmente en factores a nivel individual en entornos de altos ingresos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar la comprensión actual de los correlatos y determinantes de la actividad física.
- Para enfatizar la importancia de los modelos ecológicos y las áreas de investigación emergentes en la comprensión de la inactividad física.
- Para resaltar la necesidad de investigación en LMIC para informar la prevención global de las ENT.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de la literatura de la investigación sobre correlatos y determinantes de la actividad física.
- La inclusión de factores a nivel individual (edad, sexo, estado de salud, autoeficacia, motivación).
- Consideración de modelos ecológicos que incorporen factores ambientales sociales y físicos (planificación urbana, transporte, parques).
- Exploración de nuevas áreas de investigación que incluyen determinantes genéticos, evolutivos y relacionados con la obesidad, y seguimiento longitudinal de la actividad física.
Principales resultados:
- Factores individuales como la edad, el sexo, el estado de salud, la autoeficacia y la motivación están asociados con los niveles de actividad física.
- Los modelos ecológicos demuestran la influencia del entorno social y físico más amplio en la inactividad física.
- La investigación emergente identifica las predisposiciones genéticas, los factores evolutivos, la obesidad y el seguimiento del curso de la vida como determinantes relevantes.
Conclusiones:
- Una comprensión completa de los correlatos y determinantes de la actividad física es crucial para diseñar intervenciones efectivas de salud pública.
- La expansión de la investigación a los LMIC e incorporación de determinantes ecológicos y nuevos es esencial para la prevención global de las ENT.
- Abordar la inactividad física requiere un enfoque multifacético que considere factores individuales, ambientales y biológicos.
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