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Cambiar el comportamiento humano para prevenir enfermedades: la importancia de dirigirse a los procesos automáticos
Theresa M Marteau1, Gareth J Hollands, Paul C Fletcher
1Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK. theresa.marteau@medschl.cam.ac.uk
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 22, 2012
Resumen
Muchas enfermedades provienen de conductas poco saludables como comer en exceso y fumar. Las intervenciones que se centran en comportamientos automáticos, en lugar de la reflexión consciente, pueden ser más efectivas para la prevención de enfermedades.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias del comportamiento Ciencias del comportamiento.
- Salud pública La salud pública.
- Psicología de la salud Psicología de la salud
Sus antecedentes:
- Una carga global significativa de enfermedades surge de comportamientos poco saludables como comer en exceso, fumar, el consumo excesivo de alcohol y la inactividad física.
- Los individuos a menudo reconocen estos comportamientos como dañinos, pero persisten en ellos, incluso cuando se enfrentan a consecuencias negativas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Proponer y explorar la efectividad de las intervenciones dirigidas a las bases automáticas, en lugar de reflexivas, de los comportamientos relacionados con la salud.
- Sugerir métodos para evaluar intervenciones dirigidas a modificar procesos automáticos de comportamiento para la prevención de enfermedades.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de la literatura existente sobre las intervenciones de cambio de comportamiento y la automaticidad del comportamiento humano.
- Marco conceptual que propone que los procesos automáticos de comportamiento, a menudo desencadenados por señales ambientales, subyacen a muchas acciones que comprometen la salud.
- Discusión de las posibles estrategias de intervención que se dirigen a estos procesos automáticos.
Principales resultados:
- Las intervenciones actuales a menudo se basan en la reflexión consciente, que resulta ineficaz para muchos comportamientos arraigados.
- Gran parte del comportamiento humano opera automáticamente, independientemente del pensamiento consciente, y es desencadenado por estímulos ambientales.
Conclusiones:
- Las intervenciones que abordan los fundamentos automáticos del comportamiento pueden ofrecer una vía más prometedora para la prevención efectiva de enfermedades.
- Se necesitan más investigaciones y evaluaciones para determinar la eficacia y la implementación de intervenciones dirigidas a procesos automáticos de comportamiento.
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