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Rab Cascades

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X₂ to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as G-protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) and...

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Cascadas de enlaces halógenos de transmembrana en cascada.

Andreas Vargas Jentzsch¹, Stefan Matile

¹Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|March 23, 2013

Resumen

Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La alineación lineal de los donantes de enlaces halógenos en andamios rígidos mejora significativamente el transporte de aniones a través de las membranas. Este avance supera las limitaciones de diseños anteriores, logrando excelentes actividades y una cooperación sin precedentes para el salto de aniones transmembrana.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Química supramolecular de las moléculas.
Transporte de la membrana Transporte de la membrana
Biología Química Biología química.

Sus antecedentes:

Los enlaces halógenos están surgiendo como herramientas efectivas para el transporte de aniones a través de las bicapas lipídicas.
Los diseños anteriores que usaban pequeños transportadores o matrices cíclicas mostraron una eficacia limitada.
Los andamios de calix[4]arene con donantes cíclicos de enlaces halógenos produjeron actividades de transporte débiles.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar el impacto de la alineación lineal de los donantes de enlaces halógenos en el transporte de aniones transmembrana.
Desarrollar un nuevo andamio para un eficiente salto de aniones a través de las bicapas lipídicas.
Para lograr una cooperación sin precedentes en los sistemas de transporte de aniones.

Principales métodos:

Diseño y síntesis de andamios rígidos funcionalizados con donantes de enlaces halógenos.
Incorporación de estos andamios en las membranas de las bicapas lipídicas.
Medición de las tasas de transporte de aniones y determinación de los coeficientes de cooperatividad.

Principales resultados:

La alineación lineal de los donantes de enlaces halógenos en andamios rígidos de varilla dio como resultado excelentes actividades de transporte de aniones.
Se logró un coeficiente de cooperatividad sin precedentes (m = 3,37), lo que indica un mecanismo de transporte altamente cooperativo.
Esta disposición lineal supera el bajo rendimiento observado con diseños cíclicos anteriores.

Conclusiones:

La disposición lineal de los donantes de enlaces halógenos en andamios de varillas rígidas de transmembrana es una estrategia altamente efectiva para el transporte de aniones.
La cooperatividad observada sugiere un mecanismo cooperativo de salto de aniones a lo largo del andamio.
Este hallazgo abre nuevas vías para el diseño de transportadores de transmembrana artificiales eficientes.