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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

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Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area
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Published on: February 19, 2018

Un conductor óxido-iónico "hipercúbico" de 3 + 3 dimensiones: el tipo II Bi2O3-Nb2O5

Chris D Ling1, Siegbert Schmid, Peter E R Blanchard

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. chris.ling@sydney.edu.au

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Resumen

La estabilización del óxido de bismuto (δ-Bi2O3) a temperatura ambiente con metales de transición crea complejas estructuras hipercúbicas. Resolvimos una de esas estructuras, revelando un pirocloro "inflado" con vacantes ordenadas, lo que explica su alta conductividad iónica.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química del estado sólido.
  • La cristalografía es una técnica de cristalografía.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El óxido de bismuto (Bi2O3) exhibe una excelente conductividad óxido-iónica en su fase cúbica de alta temperatura (δ-Bi2O3).
  • La estabilización de δ-Bi2O3 a temperaturas más bajas a menudo implica dopaje, lo que lleva a estructuras moduladas complejas que se comprenden mal.
  • Estas estructuras complejas dificultan la plena explotación de los materiales basados en Bi2O3 para aplicaciones como las pilas de combustible de óxido sólido.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para resolver y refinar cuantitativamente una estructura hipercúbica compleja (3+3) de dimensiones incommensurablemente modulada de un sistema de Bi2O3 dopado.
  • Para aclarar la base estructural de la alta conductividad óxido-iónico en estos materiales.
  • Comprender la relación entre la estructura, el dopaje y el transporte iónico en δ-Bi2O3.3. estabilizado.

Principales métodos:

  • Crecimiento de un cristal único a escala de centímetros utilizando un nuevo método de reflujo de zona flotante.
  • Recopilación de datos de difracción de neutrones monocristalino de alta calidad.
  • Solución y refinamiento de la estructura utilizando datos de difracción de rayos X y neutrones dentro del formalismo de simetría del superespacio.

Principales resultados:

  • La estructura fue resuelta y refinada con éxito, revelando una estructura de pirocloro "inflada".
  • Las cadenas octaédricas NbO6 conectadas en las esquinas acomodan la solución sólida al separarse.
  • Se encontró que las vacantes de óxido están parcialmente ordenadas dentro de las cadenas octaédricas y parcialmente distribuidas en una red 3D de canales.

Conclusiones:

  • La estructura hipercúbica resuelta proporciona una comprensión cuantitativa del δ-Bi2O3.3 estabilizado.
  • La red 3D de amplios canales similares a Bi2O3, facilitada por la estructura de pirocloro "inflada", es responsable de la alta conductividad óxido-iónica.
  • Este trabajo allana el camino para diseñar y optimizar conductores iónicos basados en Bi2O3.