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Surface Active Agents

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Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Solubility03:00

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Comportamiento de unión universal para los tensioactivos iónicos alquilo con polielectrolitos de carga opuesta.

Dongcui Li1, Norman J Wagner

  • 1Center for Neutron Science, Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 29, 2013
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo método para predecir qué tan fuertemente los tensioactivos se unen a los polielectrolitos. Este hallazgo ayuda a diseñar mejores formulaciones para productos de consumo y medicamentos mediante la comprensión de la fuerza de unión basada en propiedades químicas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química Física es la química física.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Colloide y la química de las superficies.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las mezclas de polielectrolitos y tensioactivos de carga opuesta son vitales en biología y productos de consumo.
  • La formulación de estas mezclas es difícil debido a los complejos mecanismos de asociación.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un modelo predictivo para la fuerza de unión surfactante-polielectrolito.
  • Para establecer una relación cuantitativa para el diseño de formulación racional.

Principales métodos:

  • Compilación y análisis de datos de la literatura y la investigación original.
  • Desarrollo de una correlación semiempírica que relaciona la fuerza de unión con la densidad de carga de poliion y la hidrofobidad del tensioactivo.

Principales resultados:

  • La fuerza de unión aumenta con el cuadrado de la densidad de carga lineal del polielectrolito.
  • La fuerza de unión es directamente proporcional a la hidrofobidad del surfactante.
  • Se estableció una relación cuantitativa entre varios polielectrolitos.

Conclusiones:

  • La correlación desarrollada permite predecir las fuerzas de unión en mezclas de polielectrolitos y agentes tensioactivos.
  • Esto proporciona un enfoque de diseño racional para los productos de salud de consumo y biomedicinas.
  • Las desviaciones resaltan la importancia de las interacciones específicas del sistema.