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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Polímeros lineales monocristalinos a través de la polimerización cuantitativa topoquímica desencadenada por la luz

Letian Dou1, Yonghao Zheng, Xiaoqin Shen

  • 1California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 18, 2014
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores desarrollaron un método de polimerización desencadenado por luz visible para crear grandes cristales únicos de polímero de alta calidad. Este proceso reversible permite el estudio de cadenas poliméricas individuales, superando un desafío clave en la ciencia de los polímeros.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La ciencia de los polímeros es la ciencia de los polímeros.
  • Química de los materiales Química de los materiales
  • La cristalografía es una técnica de cristalografía.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La preparación de cristales únicos de polímero de gran tamaño y alta calidad presenta un desafío significativo en la ciencia de los polímeros.
  • Los métodos existentes a menudo luchan con la escalabilidad y el control sobre la perfección del cristal.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para demostrar una nueva reacción de polimerización topoquímica desencadenada por luz visible.
  • Para lograr cristales únicos de polímero de alta calidad y tamaño macroscópico.
  • Investigar la reversibilidad del proceso de polimerización y estudiar las cadenas poliméricas individuales.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó una molécula de colorante conjugado para la polimerización topoquímica desencadenada por luz visible.
  • Investigó la polimerización en cristales simples, soluciones concentradas y películas delgadas semicristalinas.
  • Se empleó la termólisis para estudiar el proceso de despolimerización y la exfoliación mecánica para aislar hebras de polímeros individuales.

Principales resultados:

  • Se obtuvieron con éxito cristales únicos de polímero de alta calidad y tamaño macroscópico.
  • Demostró que la polimerización es efectiva no solo en cristales simples, sino también en soluciones concentradas y películas finas.
  • Confirmó la reversibilidad del proceso de polimerización-depolimerización a través de la termólisis.
  • Permitió el aislamiento y estudio de cadenas individuales y largas de polímeros a través de la exfoliación mecánica.

Conclusiones:

  • Un método de polimerización desencadenado por luz visible proporciona una ruta viable a los cristales únicos de polímero macroscópico.
  • La naturaleza reversible de esta polimerización abre posibilidades para materiales poliméricos dinámicos.
  • La capacidad de aislar cadenas únicas de polímero facilita los estudios fundamentales de las propiedades de la cadena de polímero.