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El alcohol y la mortalidad en Rusia: estudio observacional prospectivo de 151.000 adultos
David Zaridze1, Sarah Lewington2, Alexander Boroda1
1Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia.
Lancet (London, England)
|February 4, 2014
Resumen
El alto consumo de vodka aumenta significativamente el riesgo de muerte prematura en adultos rusos. Este estudio prospectivo confirma que el vodka es
Área de la Ciencia:
- Epidemiología La epidemiología.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Investigación sobre el alcohol Investigación sobre el alcohol
Sus antecedentes:
- Los adultos rusos exhiben tasas excepcionalmente altas de mortalidad prematura.
- Estudios retrospectivos previos vincularon el consumo excesivo de vodka con causas externas de muerte y enfermedades específicas.
- Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar evidencia prospectiva de estas asociaciones.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar prospectivamente la asociación entre el consumo de vodka y la mortalidad en adultos rusos.
- Para cuantificar el exceso de riesgos de mortalidad asociados con diferentes niveles de consumo de vodka.
- Para reforzar la evidencia existente sobre el papel del vodka en la muerte prematura.
Principales métodos:
- Un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en el que participaron 200.000 adultos en tres ciudades rusas entre 1999 y 2008.
- Seguimiento de la mortalidad por causas específicas hasta 2010 para 151.000 personas.
- Análisis de regresión de Poisson ajustado por factores de confusión para calcular los riesgos relativos de mortalidad asociados con el consumo de vodka.
Principales resultados:
- Entre los fumadores masculinos de 35 a 74 años, un mayor consumo semanal de vodka (tres o más botellas) se asoció con un aumento significativo del riesgo de muerte a los 20 años (35% a las edades de 35 a 54 años, 64% a las edades de 55 a 74 años).
- El exceso de mortalidad en los bebedores más pesados se debió principalmente a causas externas y enfermedades asociadas con el alcohol identificadas en estudios anteriores.
- A pesar de las fluctuaciones en el consumo de alcohol autoinformado, el consumo basal de vodka predijo fuertemente el riesgo de mortalidad.
Conclusiones:
- Este estudio prospectivo a gran escala proporciona evidencia sólida de que el consumo de vodka es un importante contribuyente a la alta tasa de muerte prematura entre los adultos rusos.
- Los hallazgos subrayan el impacto en la salud pública del consumo excesivo de alcohol en esta población.
- Investigaciones adicionales pueden explorar intervenciones para mitigar los daños relacionados con el alcohol.
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