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Crossing Over01:30

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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Las coordenadas de comunicación intercromosómica son una expresión intrínsecamente estocástica entre los alelos.

Robert J Johnston1, Claude Desplan

  • 1Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 8, 2014
PubMed
Resumen

Las copias genéticas individuales hacen elecciones aleatorias, pero se comunican para asegurar una expresión coordinada. Esta regulación estocástica del gen diversifica los subtipos neuronales en el ojo de la Drosophila.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
  • Genética La genética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La diversificación de los subtipos neuronales es crucial para la función del sistema sensorial.
  • La expresión génica estocástica juega un papel clave en la generación de la diversidad celular.
  • El gen Spineless (Ss) en los fotorreceptores de Drosophila R7 ejemplifica la determinación del subtipo estocástico.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para dilucidar los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la expresión génica estocástica Spineless (Ss).
  • Investigar cómo los alelos de los genes individuales toman decisiones estocásticas independientes.
  • Para entender la comunicación entre los alelos Ss para la expresión coordinada.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de los elementos reguladores de largo alcance (amplificadores y silenciadores) que controlan la expresión de Ss.
  • Investigación del diálogo cruzado entre alelos a través de mecanismos de regulación ascendente y descendente.
  • Evaluación del posicionamiento cromosómico y la independencia de apareamiento en la regulación de Ss.

Principales resultados:

  • La expresión estocástica de cada alelo ss está controlada por un único potenciador y dos silenciadores que actúan a largo alcance.
  • El intercambio cruzado entre alelos promedia la frecuencia de expresión entre los dos alelos ss.
  • La regulación de largo alcance ocurre independientemente de la posición o el emparejamiento cromosómico específico.

Conclusiones:

  • Los alelos ss individuales toman decisiones independientes y estocásticas de encendido/apagado.
  • La comunicación intercromosómica coordina los estados de expresión entre alelos.
  • Esta expresión estocástica coordinada asegura la elección de un subtipo uniforme dentro de un subconjunto aleatorio de fotorreceptores R7.