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El uso de vacunas como sondas para definir la carga de enfermedades

Daniel R Feikin¹, J Anthony G Scott², Bradford D Gessner³

¹International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Lancet (London, England)

|February 21, 2014

Resumen

Los estudios con sondas de vacunas revelan la carga de la enfermedad al comparar grupos vacunados y no vacunados. Este enfoque pone de relieve el valor de las vacunas para la salud pública, incluso aquellas con menor eficacia, al cuantificar las enfermedades prevenibles.

Área de la Ciencia:

Epidemiología La epidemiología.
Vacunología La vacunología.
Salud Pública La salud pública.

Sus antecedentes:

Los estudios tradicionales de vacunas se centran en la eficacia y la eficacia.
Los estudios con sondas de vacunas ofrecen un enfoque complementario para la caracterización de enfermedades.
Comprender la carga de la enfermedad es crucial para las intervenciones de salud pública.

Objetivo del estudio:

Explorar la utilidad de los estudios de sonda de vacuna en la caracterización de enfermedades.
Para demostrar cómo los estudios de sonda de vacunas pueden informar la política de salud pública.
Para resaltar el potencial para una aplicación más amplia de las metodologías de sonda de vacuna.

Principales métodos:

Comparación de la incidencia de la enfermedad en poblaciones vacunadas frente a las no vacunadas.
Atribuir las diferencias en la carga de enfermedad a patógenos específicos de la vacuna.
Analizar la carga de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación para justificar las iniciativas de salud pública.

Principales resultados:

Los estudios con sondas de vacunas pueden cuantificar el impacto de las vacunas en la salud pública.
Incluso las vacunas de baja eficacia pueden demostrar un impacto significativo en entornos de alta incidencia.
Los estudios existentes han caracterizado Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, neumococo, rotavirus y la gripe infantil.

Conclusiones:

Los estudios con sondas de vacunas son herramientas valiosas para la caracterización de enfermedades y la evaluación de la salud pública.
Esta metodología puede justificar la introducción de la vacuna incluso con una eficacia moderada de la vacuna.
El uso ampliado en epidemiología podría definir cargas para enfermedades como la malaria, la fiebre tifoidea y el dengue.

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