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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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El doble sexo es un supergen mimetizado.

K Kunte1, W Zhang2, A Tenger-Trolander3

  • 11] National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India [2].

Nature
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
Resumen

Un solo gen, el doble sexo, controla el mimetismo limitado por el sexo en las mariposas de cola de golondrina, desafiando la hipótesis del cúmulo de supergenes. Este hallazgo explica cómo un gen puede cambiar los patrones de alas para la imitación.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Genética La genética.
  • Entomología Entomología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El mimetismo limitado por el sexo en mariposas, particularmente Papilio, implica que las hembras imiten modelos tóxicos.
  • Esta imitación a menudo está vinculada a patrones de alas polimórficas femeninas controladas por 'supergenes'.
  • La naturaleza funcional de los supergenes de imitación sigue siendo en gran medida no caracterizada empíricamente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para identificar la base genética de los supergenes de imitación en Papilio polytes.
  • Investigar los mecanismos funcionales subyacentes al control de la imitación limitado por el sexo.
  • Para probar la hipótesis de que los supergenes son genes individuales versus loci estrechamente vinculados.

Principales métodos:

  • Un enfoque integrador que combina el mapeo genético, el mapeo de asociaciones y la secuenciación.
  • Se empleó transcriptoma y secuenciación del genoma.
  • Se analizaron los análisis de expresión génica y la variación de la secuencia de ADN.

Principales resultados:

  • Un solo gen, el doble sexo (dsx), fue identificado como el controlador del supergen de mimetismo en Papilio polytes.
  • Esto contrasta con la visión predominante de los supergenes como grupos estrechamente vinculados de loci.
  • Las diferencias de expresión de las isoformas y potencialmente la evolución de la secuencia de proteínas contribuyen a la variación del fenotipo de la imitación.

Conclusiones:

  • El gen de doble sexo actúa como un supergen de imitación, controlando patrones de alas enteras en Papilio polytes.
  • Esto demuestra que un solo gen puede mediar complejos fenotipos de mimetismo, desafiando los conceptos tradicionales de supergenes.
  • Los hallazgos integran diferentes hipótesis de supergenes, lo que sugiere que un solo gen con múltiples mutaciones vinculadas puede impulsar la evolución del mimetismo.