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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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El control remoto de la función génica mediante la traducción local.

Hosung Jung1, Christos G Gkogkas2, Nahum Sonenberg3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.

Cell
|April 1, 2014
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Resumen

La localización del ARN dirige la síntesis de proteínas a sitios celulares específicos, cruciales para la función celular. Este proceso, especialmente vital en las neuronas, asegura la localización adecuada de las proteínas y la homeostasis.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Biología celular Biología celular.
  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La función de la proteína está intrínsecamente ligada a su ubicación subcelular.
  • La localización del ARN es un mecanismo evolucionariamente conservado que controla el posicionamiento de las proteínas.
  • La traducción local de ARNm permite la síntesis de proteínas en el sitio, lo que influye en la señalización celular y el equilibrio del proteoma.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para revisar los hallazgos clave en la localización del ARN y la traducción local.
  • Para discutir las implicaciones del control de la función génica espacial.
  • Para resaltar la importancia de estos mecanismos en los compartimentos neuronales.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura existente sobre la localización del ARN y la traducción local.
  • Análisis de estudios que demuestran el papel del ARNm localizado y la síntesis de proteínas.
  • Discusión de la evidencia experimental y las implicaciones teóricas.

Principales resultados:

  • La localización del ARN asegura que las proteínas sean sintetizadas en sitios subcelulares específicos.
  • La traducción local confiere propiedades de señalización únicas y mantiene la homeostasis proteómica.
  • La desregulación de la localización y la traducción del ARN conduce a defectos neuronales.

Conclusiones:

  • La localización del ARN y la traducción local son fundamentales para el control espacial de la función génica.
  • Estos mecanismos son particularmente críticos en los compartimentos neuronales distales.
  • Comprender estos procesos ofrece información sobre el desarrollo neuronal, el cableado y la supervivencia.