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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
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Repensar la diferenciación: células madre, regeneración y plasticidad.

Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado1, Shinya Yamanaka2

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

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|April 1, 2014
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Resumen

La diferenciación celular, crucial para la vida multicelular, está siendo reexaminada. Los nuevos descubrimientos desafían los conceptos de larga data de las células madre y las células diferenciadas, lo que lleva a una reevaluación de los enfoques de investigación.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • Biología celular Biología celular.
  • Investigación de Células Madre Investigación de Células Madre

Sus antecedentes:

  • La diferenciación celular es fundamental para el desarrollo, el crecimiento, la reproducción y la longevidad de los organismos multicelulares.
  • La regulación de la diferenciación celular ha sido un área de investigación clave durante más de 40 años.
  • Estudios recientes en células madre (naturales e inducidas) están impulsando una reevaluación de las definiciones establecidas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Explorar cómo los descubrimientos recientes están desafiando los conceptos tradicionales de la diferenciación celular.
  • Para resaltar la necesidad de reevaluar los sistemas y paradigmas experimentales en biología celular.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de los recientes descubrimientos en la diferenciación celular de plantas y animales.
  • Análisis de nuevas manipulaciones experimentales en la investigación de células madre.
  • Reevaluación conceptual de los paradigmas biológicos establecidos.

Principales resultados:

  • Los conceptos establecidos de células madre y células diferenciadas están siendo erosionados por nuevos hallazgos.
  • Nuevos enfoques experimentales están revelando complejidades en la determinación del destino celular.
  • Los paradigmas de investigación existentes pueden requerir una revisión significativa.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio de la diferenciación celular está entrando en una nueva fase de comprensión.
  • Una reevaluación crítica de los sistemas experimentales es necesaria para el progreso futuro.
  • Los enfoques interdisciplinarios son cruciales para avanzar en la investigación de la diferenciación celular.