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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
2.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

1.8K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
1.8K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.4K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.4K
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

5.2K
Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
5.2K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

1.4K
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

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La ingeniería macromolecular mediante la polimerización radical por transferencia atómica.

Krzysztof Matyjaszewski1, Nicolay V Tsarevsky

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 25, 2014
PubMed
Resumen

Los recientes avances en la polimerización radical de transferencia atómica (ATRP) permiten una ingeniería macromolecular precisa. Esto incluye el desarrollo de catalizadores eficientes y métodos respetuosos con el medio ambiente para crear polímeros con arquitectura controlada y diversas aplicaciones.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de Polímeros La química de los polímeros es la química de los polímeros.
  • Ciencias Macromoleculares Ciencias Macromoleculares
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La polimerización radical por transferencia atómica (ATRP, por sus siglas en inglés) es una poderosa técnica para la síntesis controlada de polímeros.
  • Los avances en los sistemas de catalizadores y los medios de reacción son cruciales para expandir la utilidad de ATRP.
  • El control preciso de la arquitectura del polímero es esencial para las aplicaciones de materiales avanzados.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para presentar los avances recientes en la ingeniería macromolecular utilizando ATRP.
  • Para resaltar las características mecánicas y sintéticas de los sistemas ATRP modernos.
  • Discutir el desarrollo de arquitecturas complejas de polímeros y sus aplicaciones.

Principales métodos:

  • Exploración de sistemas catalíticos e iniciación para ATRP, incluyendo catalizadores de cobre de baja concentración.
  • Investigación de la polimerización en medios ambientalmente benignos, como el agua.
  • Análisis de las funciones y las relaciones estructura-reactividad de los componentes ATRP (monómeros, iniciadores, catalizadores, aditivos).

Principales resultados:

  • Demostración de la capacidad de ATRP para lograr un alto control sobre la uniformidad, la composición, la topología y la funcionalidad de la cadena de polímeros.
  • Síntesis exitosa de polímeros con arquitecturas complejas, híbridos y bioconjugados.
  • Presentación de aplicaciones actuales y emergentes impulsadas por materiales sintetizados por ATRP.

Conclusiones:

  • ATRP sigue siendo un método líder para la ingeniería macromolecular sofisticada.
  • La investigación en curso se centra en la optimización de la eficiencia del catalizador, la expansión de los medios de reacción y la exploración de nuevas aplicaciones.
  • Las direcciones futuras implican abordar los desafíos en escalar y ampliar el alcance de ATRP en la ciencia de los polímeros.