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La evolución cultural de la lectura de la mente.
Cecilia M Heyes1, Chris D Frith2
1All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK. cecilia.heyes@all-souls.ox.ac.uk.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 21, 2014
Resumen
La lectura de la mente, al igual que la lectura impresa, implica la comprensión de los signos y tiene patrones de desarrollo similares. Los bebés poseen habilidades automáticas de lectura de la mente, mientras que las habilidades explícitas de lectura de la mente se desarrollan a través del aprendizaje e instrucción cultural.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia cognitiva y neurociencia cognitiva.
- Psicología del desarrollo Psicología del desarrollo.
- La lingüística es la lingüística de las lenguas.
Sus antecedentes:
- La lectura de la mente, o inferir los estados mentales de los demás, comparte similitudes funcionales con la lectura impresa.
- Ambas habilidades dependen de regiones específicas del cerebro, exhiben influencias genéticas y muestran variaciones culturales.
- Existen pruebas contradictorias con respecto a la trayectoria de desarrollo de las habilidades de lectura mental.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para resolver hallazgos contradictorios sobre el desarrollo de la lectura de la mente.
- Proponer un modelo de doble proceso que distinga entre lectura automática y explícita de la mente.
- Aclarar la interacción entre los mecanismos innatos y el aprendizaje cultural en la cognición social.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis comparativo de la literatura existente sobre la lectura de la mente y el desarrollo de la alfabetización.
- Modelado teórico de los procesos cognitivos involucrados en la inferencia de los estados mentales.
- Revisión de estudios sobre la cognición social infantil y las poblaciones analfabetas.
Principales resultados:
- Los bebés poseen mecanismos neurocognitivos innatos para la lectura de la mente "automática" o "implícita", lo que permite predicciones de comportamiento precisas.
- La lectura mental "explicita", similar a la alfabetización, es una habilidad transmitida culturalmente adquirida a través de la instrucción.
- Las diferencias de desarrollo en la lectura de la mente reflejan la maduración de las habilidades explícitas y culturalmente aprendidas.
Conclusiones:
- La lectura de la mente no es monolítica; comprende componentes tanto automáticos como explícitos.
- La lectura automática de la mente es una capacidad evolucionada e innata, mientras que la lectura explícita de la mente es una habilidad aprendida y cultural.
- Este marco de doble proceso concilia hallazgos de desarrollo contradictorios y destaca el papel del aprendizaje social.
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