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tRNA Activation

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

tRNA Activation

tRNA Activation

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

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Nulos catalíticos de la tRNA sintetasa humana con diversas funciones.

Wing-Sze Lo¹, Elisabeth Gardiner², Zhiwen Xu¹

¹IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 19, 2014

Resumen

Los organismos superiores crean eficiencia genética mediante la evolución de las aminoacil tRNA sintetasas (AARS) en nuevas proteínas de señalización. Estas variantes de empalme retienen dominios no catalíticos, lo que produce diversas funciones no enzimáticas más allá de sus funciones catalíticas originales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
Genética La genética.
La bioquímica es la bioquímica.

Sus antecedentes:

La eficiencia genética en organismos superiores se basa en la generación de múltiples funciones a partir de un solo gen.
Las aminoacil tRNA sintetasas (AARS) son una familia de enzimas conocidas por acumular dominios no catalíticos a lo largo de la evolución.
Comprender la evolución de AARS arroja luz sobre la diversificación funcional de los genes.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar la diversificación funcional de las aminoacil humanas tRNA sintetasas (AARSs).
Para identificar y caracterizar los nulos catalíticos naturales (CN) derivados de las AARS.
Explorar el potencial de las funciones no enzimáticas en las variantes de empalme de AARS.

Principales métodos:

Análisis bioinformático para identificar los nulos catalíticos naturales (NC) en los AARS humanos.
Análisis de eventos de empalme para comprender la retención y la ablación de dominios.
Caracterización funcional de las NC para determinar sus actividades biológicas.

Principales resultados:

Descubrimiento de numerosos ceros catalíticos naturales (CN) para cada AARS humano.
Identificación de eventos de empalme que preservan dominios no catalíticos mientras se elimina el dominio catalítico.
Demostración de que las CN poseen diversas funciones biológicas distintas de sus sintetasas progenitoras.
Estas CN funcionan como proteínas de señalización con actividades ortogonales a la función catalítica original.

Conclusiones:

Los AARS humanos pueden convertirse en múltiples proteínas de señalización a través de eventos de empalme que crean nulos catalíticos (CN).
Estas CN exhiben diversas funciones no enzimáticas, lo que sugiere un papel más amplio para las variantes de empalme catalíticamente inactivas.
Los hallazgos apoyan la hipótesis de que las variantes de empalme con funciones no enzimáticas son un mecanismo general para la expansión funcional del gen.