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Enfermedades infecciosas y intervenciones emergentes, en evolución y establecidas.

M Elizabeth Halloran1, Ira M Longini2

  • 1Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. betz@u.washington.edu.

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El control efectivo de las enfermedades infecciosas se basa en las características de la enfermedad, las intervenciones disponibles y varias restricciones. Las vacunas establecidas para enfermedades como la tos ferina, la poliomielitis y el sarampión han reducido significativamente las cargas de salud pública a nivel mundial.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Salud Pública La salud pública.
  • Epidemiología La epidemiología.
  • Vacunología Vacunología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La planificación y evaluación de las intervenciones para las enfermedades infecciosas son complejas.
  • Los factores que influyen en el éxito de la intervención incluyen la naturaleza de la enfermedad, la disponibilidad de medidas y las limitaciones logísticas, económicas y políticas.
  • Las enfermedades infecciosas y las intervenciones pueden clasificarse por su estatus de establecimiento.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar una visión general de las estrategias de intervención en enfermedades infecciosas.
  • Para resaltar el impacto de los programas de vacunación establecidos.
  • Para categorizar enfermedades e intervenciones basadas en su contexto histórico y establecimiento.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura y síntesis de los conocimientos existentes sobre el control de enfermedades infecciosas.
  • Categoría de enfermedades infecciosas e intervenciones.
  • Análisis de estudios de caso de los programas de vacunación contra la tos ferina, la poliomielitis y el sarampión.

Principales resultados:

  • Las enfermedades infecciosas establecidas como la tos ferina, la poliomielitis y el sarampión han visto reducciones dramáticas en la carga de salud pública debido a la vacunación.
  • La vacunación contra la tos ferina (1940s), la poliomielitis (1950s) y el sarampión (1960s) ha llevado a la casi eliminación en muchas regiones.
  • La efectividad de la intervención depende de las características de la enfermedad y de los recursos disponibles.

Conclusiones:

  • Los programas mundiales de vacunación contra enfermedades bien establecidas han tenido un gran éxito en la reducción del impacto en la salud pública.
  • El éxito histórico de las vacunas contra la tos ferina, la poliomielitis y el sarampión demuestra el poder de la inmunización generalizada.
  • Las futuras estrategias de control de enfermedades infecciosas deben tener en cuenta los factores específicos de la enfermedad y las limitaciones de implementación.