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Prokaryotic Cells01:51

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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains—Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains — Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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La complejidad genómica y celular de la simplicidad simbiótica.

Seth R Bordenstein1

  • 1Departments of Biological Sciences and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.

Cell
|September 13, 2014
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los biólogos descubrieron que una asociación estable entre animales y microbios expandió su compleja red sin adquirir nuevo material genético. Esto pone de relieve la naturaleza intrincada y en evolución de las relaciones simbióticas en la biología.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Microbiología simbiótica microbiología simbiótica.
  • Interacciones entre animales y microbios.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los microorganismos simbióticos influyen profundamente en la vida animal.
  • Comprender estas relaciones revela la interconexión de la naturaleza a través de escalas biológicas.
  • Los mutualismos animal-microbiano son cruciales para la estabilidad ecológica.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos detrás de la expansión de las redes intergenómicas en los mutualismos animales-microbianos establecidos.
  • Para determinar si el aumento de la complejidad de la red requiere la adición de nuevos genomas.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis genómico comparativo de un mutualismo animal-microbiano de larga data.
  • Investigación de la dinámica de la red dentro de la relación simbiótica establecida.

Principales resultados:

  • Un mutualismo animal-microbiano estable y a largo plazo demostró un aumento en su red intergenómica.
  • Esta expansión de la red se produjo sin la incorporación de nuevos genomas.
  • El estudio pone de relieve la plasticidad de las redes simbióticas.

Conclusiones:

  • Las redes intergenómicas en relaciones simbióticas pueden aumentar en complejidad sin aumento genético.
  • Este hallazgo profundiza nuestra comprensión de las estrategias evolutivas en asociaciones mutualistas.
  • El networkismo de la naturaleza demuestra la capacidad de adaptación en varios niveles biológicos.