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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
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Murciélagos que bloquean murciélagos: competencia por alimentos a través de la interferencia del sonar.

Aaron J Corcoran1, William E Conner2

  • 1Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 030 Winston Hall, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. aaron.j.corcoran@gmail.com.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 8, 2014
PubMed
Resumen

Los murciélagos usan llamadas de interferencia para interrumpir a los competidores durante las peleas de comida. Estas señales de interferencia, específicamente las llamadas ultrasónicas, interfieren con la ecolocalización, lo que hace que otros murciélagos pierdan a las presas de insectos, lo que demuestra una interrupción activa de la detección.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Comportamiento animal Comportamiento animal.
  • La bioacústica es la bioacústica.
  • Ecología sensorial ecología sensorial.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los animales de detección activa como los murciélagos utilizan señales de comunicación vulnerables a las interferencias.
  • Muchas especies alteran la frecuencia de la señal para evitar la autointerferencia.
  • La competencia intraespecífica puede implicar estrategias de comunicación disruptivas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si los murciélagos ecolocadores atascan de forma adaptativa a sus congéneres durante la competencia por la comida.
  • Para determinar si las señales de interferencia interrumpen la captura de presas en murciélagos.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó reconstrucciones de trayectoria de vuelo en 3D y grabaciones de audio y video de murciélagos mexicanos de cola libre (Tadarida brasiliensis).
  • Se analizaron las señales ultrasónicas emitidas durante las interacciones de búsqueda de alimento.
  • Realizó experimentos de reproducción utilizando llamadas de interferencia y sonidos de control.

Principales resultados:

  • Los murciélagos emitieron señales de interferencia durante las interacciones, interfiriendo con la ecolocalización conspecífica.
  • La reproducción de llamadas de interferencia, pero no de sonidos de control, hizo que los murciélagos no alcanzaran los objetivos de los insectos.
  • Comportamiento de interferencia adaptativa demostrado durante la competencia de alimentos intraspecíficos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los murciélagos ecolocadores participan activamente en el bloqueo de sus congéneres durante la competencia por la comida.
  • Este comportamiento representa una nueva forma de competencia intraspecífica a través de la interrupción sensorial.
  • La interferencia adaptativa influye en el éxito de la búsqueda de alimento y pone de relieve las presiones evolutivas sobre las señales de comunicación.